We introduce here evoText, a new tool for automated analysis of the literature in the biological sciences. evoText contains a database of hundreds of thousands of journal articles and an array of analysis tools for generating quantitative data on the nature and history of life science, especially ecology and evolutionary biology. This article describes the features of evoText, presents a variety of examples of the kinds of analyses that evoText can run, and offers a brief tutorial describing how to use (...) it. (shrink)

Philosophy of science is expanding via the introduction of new digital data and tools for their analysis. The data comprise digitized published books and journal articles, as well as heretofore unpublished material such as images, archival text, notebooks, meeting notes, and programs. The growth in available data is matched by the extensive development of automated analysis tools. The variety of data sources and tools can be overwhelming. In this article, we survey the state of digital work in the philosophy of (...) science, showing what kinds of questions can be answered and how one can go about answering them. (shrink)

The propensity interpretation of fitness (PIF) is commonly taken to be subject to a set of simple counterexamples. We argue that three of the most important of these are not counterexamples to the PIF itself, but only to the traditional mathematical model of this propensity: fitness as expected number of offspring. They fail to demonstrate that a new mathematical model of the PIF could not succeed where this older model fails. We then propose a new formalization of the PIF that (...) avoids these (and other) counterexamples. By producing a counterexample-free model of the PIF, we call into question one of the primary motivations for adopting the statisticalist interpretation of fitness. In addition, this new model has the benefit of being more closely allied with contemporary mathematical biology than the traditional model of the PIF. (shrink)

In this paper, we consider recent attempts to metaphysically explain agentive modality in terms of conditionals. We suggest that the best recent accounts face counterexamples, and more worryingly, they take some agentive modality for granted. In particular, the ability to perform basic actions features as a primitive in these theories. While it is perfectly acceptable for a semantics of agentive modal claims to take some modality for granted in getting the extension of action claims correct, a metaphysical explanation of agentive (...) modality cannot, at least not in the way that conditional approaches to agentive modality do. We argue that this problem was present even in the classical conditional analysis. By a pessimistic induction, we suggest that, probably, no conditional approach to agentive modality will succeed. (shrink)

Many philosophers are impressed by the progress achieved by physical sciences. This has had an especially deep effect on their ontological views: it has made many of them physicalists. Physicalists believe that everything is physical: more precisely, that all entities, properties, relations, and facts are those which are studied by physics or other physical sciences. They may not all agree with the spirit of Rutherford's quoted remark that 'there is physics; and there is stamp-collecting',' but they all grant physical (...) science a unique ontological authority: the authority to tell us what there is. Physicalism is now almost orthodox in much philosophy, notably in much recent philosophy of mind. But although often invoked, it is rarely explicitly defined. It should be. The claim that everything is physical is not as clear as it seems. In this paper, we examine a number of proposed definitions of physicalism and reasons for being a physicalist. We will argue both that physicalism lacks a clear and credible definition, and that in no non-vacuous interpretation is it true. We are concerned here only with physicalism as a doctrine about the empirical world. In particular, it should not be confused with nominalism, the doctrine that there are no universals.2 Nominalism and physicalism are quite independent doctrines. Believers in universals may as consistently assert as deny that the only properties and relations are those studied by physical science. And nominalists may with equal consistency assert or deny that physical science could provide enough predicates to describe the world. That is the question which concerns physicalists, not whether physical predicates name real universals. (We will for brevity write as if they do, but we do not need that assumption.). (shrink)

How does microbiota research impact our understanding of biological individuality? We summarize the interdisciplinary summer school on "Microbiota, Symbiosis and Individuality: Conceptual and Philosophical Issues" (July 2019), which was supported by a European Research Council starting grant project "Immunity, DEvelopment, and the Microbiota" (IDEM). The summer school centered around interdisciplinary group work on four facets of microbiota research: holobionts, individuality, causation, and human health. The conceptual discussion of cutting-edge empirical research provided new insights into microbiota and highlights the value (...) of incorporating into meetings experts from other disciplines, such as philosophy and history of science. (shrink)

In this context, the UAE enacted federal law authorizing the UAE Cabinet to grant temporary licenses for testing innovations that use future technologies and its applications such as Artificial Intelligence. The law aims at providing a safe test environment for legislation that meet the technological revolution. This is done in collaboration with “Regulations Lab” that was set up in January 2019 in Dubai Future Foundation.

Shihab al-Din al-Suhrawardi was born around 1154, probably in northwestern Iran. Spurred by a dream in which Aristotle appeared to him, he rejected the Avicennan Peripatetic philosophy of his youth and undertook the task of reviving the philosophical tradition of the "Ancients." Suhruwardi's philosophy grants an epistemological role to immediate and atemporal intuition. It is explicitly anti-Peripatetic and is identified with the pre-Aristotelian sages, particularly Plato. The subject of his hikmat al-Ishraq --now available for the first time in English--is the (...) "science of lights," a science that Suhrawardi first learned through mystical exercises reinforced later by logical proofs and confirmed by what he saw as the parallel experiences of the Ancients. It was completed on 15 September 1186 and at sunset that evening, in the western sky, the sun, the moon, and the five visible planets came together in a magnificent conjunction in the constellation of Libra. The stars soon turned against Suhrawardi, however, who was reluctantly put to death by the son of Saladin, the sultan of Egypt, in 1191. (shrink)

H. L. A. Hart’s (1907-1992) influence on contemporary philosophy is not restricted to the philosophy of law. As the book’s sub-title suggests and the table of contents confirm, he wrote widely on matters social, political and moral, not just legal. Probably best known for The Concept of Law (1961), Hart also authored a collection of essays on Jeremy Bentham (Essays on Bentham,1982), two books on the morality of criminal law based on his exchange with Lord Patrick Devlin (Law, Liberty and (...) Morality, 1963) and The Morality of the Criminal Law, 1965), one on punishment (Punishment and Responsibility, 1968), a treatise as well as a collection of essays on jurisprudential theory (Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence, 1953, and Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy, 1983), and finally a volume on legal causation, co-authored with Tony Honoré (Causation in the Law, 1959). The book under review here, on Hart’s legacy, is divided into six sections: the first is devoted to Hart’s general jurisprudential theory; the second to his writings on criminal law; the third to legal causation; the fourth to concerns of justice; the fifth to legal, political and moral rights; and the sixth and final section to matters of toleration and liberalism. (shrink)

H´ector-Neri Casta˜neda-Calder´on (December 13, 1924–September 7, 1991) was born in San Vicente Zacapa, Guatemala. He attended the Normal School for Boys in Guatemala City, later called the Military Normal School for Boys, from which he was expelled for refusing to fight a bully; the dramatic story, worthy of being filmed, is told in the “De Re” section of his autobiography, “Self-Profile” (1986). He then attended a normal school in Costa Rica, followed by studies in philosophy at the University of San (...) Carlos, Guatemala. He won a scholarship to the University of Minnesota, where he received his B.A. (1950), M.A. (1952), and Ph.D. (1954), all in philosophy. His dissertation, “The Logical Structure of Moral Reasoning”, was written under the direction of Wilfrid Sellars. He returned to teach in Guatemala, and then received a scholarship to study at Oxford University (1955–1956), after which he took a sabbatical-replacement position in philosophy at Duke University (1956). His first full-time academic appointment was at Wayne State University (1957– 1969), where he founded the philosophy journal Noˆus (1967, a counter-offer made to him by Wayne State to encourage him to stay there rather than to take the chairmanship of philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania). In 1969, he moved (along with several of his Wayne colleagues) to Indiana University, where he eventually became the Mahlon Powell Professor of Philosophy and, later, its first Dean of Latino Affairs (1978–1981). He remained at Indiana until his death. He was also a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin (1962–1963) and a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1981–1982). He received grants and fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation (1967–1968), the T. Andrew Mellon Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Science Foundation. He was elected President of the American Philosophical Association Central Division (1979– 1980), named to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1990), and received the Presidential Medal of Honor from the Government of Guatemala (1991). Casta˜neda’s philosophical interests spanned virtually the entire spectrum of philosophy, and his theories form a highly interconnected whole.. (shrink)

Decommodification is an important support for the development of our excellences and the pursuit of our freedom of conscience. In order to show this, the paper will be structured as follows. First, it will be argued that a decommodified social threshold of goods and services is a necessary part of a free-standing politically liberal conception of justice. The authors to be reviewed in this section are R.H. Tawney and John Rawls. The second section will discuss a compendium of possible decommodified (...) goods and services. Finally, an alternative of partial decommodification and a brief comment on basic income grants will be presented in the last sections. (shrink)

Can an understanding be formed of how sensory experience might be presented or manipulated in visual art in order to promote a relational concept of the senses, in opposition to the customary, capitalist notion of sensation as a private possession, as a sensory impression that is mine? I ask the question in the light of recent visual art theory and practice which pursue relational, ecological ambitions. As Arnold Berleant, Nicolas Bourriaud, and Grant Kester see it, ecological ambition and (...) artistic form should correspond, but they fail to recognize sensation as a site where the ecological cause can be fought. Jacques Rancière argues for the political force of the senses, but his distribution of the sensible does not address the particularity of sensory experience. I identify the difference between these approaches within recent relational or ecological aesthetics and my position on sensibility, and indicate some of the problems involved in referring to the senses. I set out the concepts that are central to the cultivation of relational sensibility: style, autofiguration, and the mobility of sensory meaning, extrapolated from Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s discussion of Paul Cézanne. They amount to positioning the senses ontologically as movements along lines of conceptual-sensory connection and implication, based on the transfer of meanings created artistically through style and autofiguration. (shrink)

We argue elsewhere that explanatoriness is evidentially irrelevant . Let H be some hypothesis, O some observation, and E the proposition that H would explain O if H and O were true. Then O screens-off E from H: Pr = Pr. This thesis, hereafter “SOT” , is defended by appeal to a representative case. The case concerns smoking and lung cancer. McCain and Poston grant that SOT holds in cases, like our case concerning smoking and lung cancer, that involve (...) frequency data. However, McCain and Poston contend that there is a wider sense of evidential relevance—wider than the sense at play in SOT—on which explanatoriness is evidentially relevant even in cases involving frequency data. This is their main point, but they also contend that SOT does not hold in certain cases not involving frequency data. We reply to each of these points and conclude with some general remarks on screening-off as a test of evidential relevance. (shrink)

It is a widely held view that lying is defined in the traditional tripartite model as the conjunction of a statement, the false belief, and the intended deception. Much of the criticisms have been levelled at the third condition—intended deception—with contemporary counterexamples. My main criticism of the traditional and contemporary model of lying centres on that philosophers discard the social existence of the hearer. Schutz‘s phenomenological sociology gives a sheer inspiration to redefine the third condition by taking the hearer as (...) a consciously social being into account. Lying should be an intersubjective action for the Other from the perspective of the liar; it might be, thus, reasonable to assume that there should be commonsense awareness between the speaker and the hearer. This paper, by focusing on this commonsenseness and its typifications, introduces a new approach to the third condition: S must intend that H be induced to believe that p, where p is false. In this regard, once you lie, by being subjected to the taken-for-granted commonsenseness in our daily life, you must try as hard as possible to succeed in deceiving the hearer by stating that p. You, as a typical person, tell a typical lie in typical contexts for typical Others. The focus of attention, therefore, is on the hearer and it is the key to understanding that mere intent to deceive is too broad and unpragmatic for a social human being who always intends to flee the negative consequences of the context in which she has to lie. Making the extension narrower necessitates a new term, anti-social bullshit generally being replied rhetorically as "how can you expect me to believe that?" comprises the excluded cases. (shrink)

In Internal and External Reasons, Bernard Williams proposes a speculative argument for the idea that internal reasons are the only kind of normative reason, and that his counterfactual internal interpretation is the only truth condition for both kinds of reason-statements, H and S (H: “A has a reason to φ” and S: “There is a reason for A to φ”). He takes for granted, however, that internal and external reasons are the only possible kinds of normative reasons at work: his (...) argument is therefore question-begging against a externalism—yet this is only the lesser problem faced by reason internalism. The main problems for Williams’s argument are his semantical reduction of S to H (which entails his question-begging argument) and his ad hoc interpretation of H in terms of his stipulative account of internal reasons. The most serious problem for both reason internalism and reason externalism, however, is represented by certain moral counterintuitive examples on both sides, which could be considered as the central problem in the debate. In this thesis, after showing Williams’s argument to be question-begging, I first explain his failure to unify two irreducible questions (on the nature of normative reasons and on the nature of rationality) as well as to reduce the truth conditions of S to H. Then, through conceptual analysis, I show that William’s internalist interpretation of H is false, and that the commonsensical interpretation of H is one that I call contextual interpretation in terms of contextual reasons. Internal reasons are just one usage of H, and contextual reasons are the real rival to external reasons in the debate on normative reason. Secondly, I argue that the two distinct notions of rationality— relative (instrumental) rationality and absolute rationality—require two distinct truth conditions, and the central problem deals only with the absolute one. I hope to show that reason contextualism, defined in terms of contextual reasons (i.e., neither internal nor external reasons) provides us with the best explication of these two distinct notions of rationality, and that the contextual interpretation accommodates all the counterexamples associated with the central problem. (shrink)

Human ecology, it is argued, even when embracing recent developments in the natural sciences and granting a place to culture, tends to justify excessively pessimistic conclusions about the prospects for creating a sustainable world order. This is illustrated through a study of the work and assumptions of Richard Newbold Adams and Stephen Bunker. It is argued that embracing hierarchy theory as this has been proposed and elaborated by Herbert Simon, Howard Pattee, T.F.H. Allen and others enables human ecology to conceive (...) humans both as part of nature and as cultural beings in a way that gives due regard to the ethical development of humanity. That is, ethical constraints need no longer be conceived of as 'unnatural'. Characterizing the nature of such constraints, conceived of as emerging from the Hegelian 'struggle for recognition', this argument is shown to justify some optimism about the future, and to give some idea of how society should be organized if ethical constraints, able to constrain humanity’s relationship to the rest of nature, are to prevail. (shrink)

In spite of all the industrious efforts Peirce scholars have made so far, Peirce’s biography still retains a number of gaps, among which the problem of identity of Peirce’s second wife, Juliette Froissy, stands out most significantly. It is all the more important that, as some scholars suggest, the discovery of any reliable facts about Juliette could provide an explanation to some of the decisions Peirce had made, which irrevocably changed the course of his life, as well as his semiotic (...) theory. By courtesy of Professor Dr. Nathan Houser and the Peirce Edition Project, the writer of the present paper was granted access to the archive materials containing the Max H. Fisch — Maurice Auger correspondence and Victor Lenzen’s notes on Juliette. The paper aims at arranging the dispersed data obtained from these and other sources into a set of several distinct versions, which curiously refer to each other and collectively impose a certain order on some major abductions concerning Juliette’s identity. (shrink)

continent. 1.1 : 3-13. / 0/ – Introduction I want to propose, as a trajectory into the philosophically weird, an absurd theoretical claim and pursue it, or perhaps more accurately, construct it as I point to it, collecting the ground work behind me like the Perpetual Train from China Mieville's Iron Council which puts down track as it moves reclaiming it along the way. The strange trajectory is the following: Kant's critical philosophy and much of continental philosophy which has followed, (...) has been a defense against horror and madness. Kant's prohibition on speculative metaphysics such as dogmatic metaphysics and transcendental realism, on thinking beyond the imposition of transcendental and moral constraints, has been challenged by numerous figures proceeding him. One of the more interesting critiques of Kant comes from the mad black Deleuzianism of Nick Land stating, “Kant’s critical philosophy is the most elaborate fit of panic in the history of the Earth.” And while Alain Badiou would certainly be opposed to the libidinal investments of Land's Deleuzo-Guattarian thought, he is likewise critical of Kant's normative thought-bureaucracies: Kant is the one author for whom I cannot feel any kinship. Everything in him exasperates me, above all his legalism—always asking Quid Juris? Or ‘Haven’t you crossed the limit?’—combined, as in today’s United States, with a religiosity that is all the more dismal in that it is both omnipresent and vague. The critical machinery he set up has enduringly poisoned philosophy, while giving great succour to the academy, which loves nothing more than to rap the knuckles of the overambitious [….] That is how I understand the truth of Monique David-Menard’s reflections on the properly psychotic origins of Kantianism. I am persuaded that the whole of the critical enterprise is set up to to shield against the tempting symptom represented by the seer Swedenborg, or against ‘diseases of the head’, as Kant puts it. An entire nexus of the limits of reason and philosophy are set up here, namely that the critical philosophy not only defends thought from madness, philosophy from madness, and philosophy from itself, but that philosophy following the advent of the critical enterprise philosophy becomes auto-vampiric; feeding on itself to support the academy. Following Francois Laruelle's non-philosophical indictment of philosophy, we could go one step further and say that philosophy operates on the material of what is philosophizable and not the material of the external world. [1] Beyond this, the Kantian scheme of nestling human thinking between our limited empirical powers and transcendental guarantees of categorical coherence, forms of thinking which stretch beyond either appear illegitimate, thereby liquefying both pre-critical metaphysics and the ravings of the mad in the same critical acid. In rejecting the Kantian apparatus we are left with two entities – an unsure relation of thought to reality where thought is susceptible to internal and external breakdown and a reality with an uncertain sense of stability. These two strands will be pursued, against the sane-seal of post-Kantian philosophy by engaging the work of weird fiction authors H.P. Lovecraft and Thomas Ligotti. The absolute inhumanism of the formers universe will be used to describe a Shoggothic Materialism while the dream worlds of the latter will articulate the mad speculation of a Ventriloquil Idealism. But first we must address the relation of philosophy to madness as well as philosophy to weird fiction. /1/ – Philosophy and Madness There is nothing that the madness of men invents which is not either nature made manifest or nature restored. Michel Foucault. Madness and Civilization. The moment I doubt whether an event that I recall actually took place, I bring the suspicion of madness upon myself: unless I am uncertain as to whether it was not a mere dream. Arthur Schopenhauer. The World as Will and Idea, Vol. 3. Madness is commonly thought of as moving through several well known cultural-historical shifts from madness as a demonic or otherwise theological force, to rationalization, to medicalization psychiatric and otherwise. Foucault's Madness and Civilization is well known for orientating madness as a form of exclusionary social control which operated by demarcating madness from reason. Yet Foucault points to the possibility of madness as the necessity of nature at least prior to the crushing weight of the church. Kant’s philosophy as a response to madness is grounded by his humanizing of madness itself. As Adrian Johnston points out in the early pages of Time Driven pre-Kantian madness meant humans were seized by demonic or angelic forces whereas Kantian madness became one of being too human. Madness becomes internalized, the external demonic forces become flaws of the individual mind. Foucault argues that, while madness is de-demonized it is also dehumanized during the Renaissance, as madmen become creatures neither diabolic nor totally human reduced to the zero degree of humanity. It is immediately clear why for Kant, speculative metaphysics must be curbed – with the problem of internal madness and without the external safeguards of transcendental conditions, there is nothing to formally separate the speculative capacities for metaphysical diagnosis from the mad ramblings of the insane mind – both equally fall outside the realm of practicality and quotidian experience. David-Menard's work is particularly useful in diagnosing the relation of thought and madness in Kant's texts. David-Menard argues that in Kant's relatively unknown “An Essay on the Maladies of the Mind” as well as his later discussion of the Seer of Swedenborg, that Kant formulates madness primarily in terms of sensory upheaval or other hallucinatory theaters. She writes: “madness is an organization of thought. It is made possible by the ambiguity of the normal relation between the imaginary and the perceived, whether this pertains to the order of sensation or to the relations between our ideas” Kant's fascination with the Seer forces Kant between the pincers of “aesthetic reconciliation” – namely melancholic withdrawal – and “a philosophical invention” – namely the critical project. Deleuze and Guattari's schizoanalysis is a combination and reversal of Kant's split, where an aesthetic over engagement with the world entails prolific conceptual invention. Their embrace of madness, however, is of course itself conceptual despite all their rhizomatic maneuvers. Though they move with the energy of madness, Deleuze and Guattari save the capacity of thought from the fangs of insanity by imbuing materiality itself with the capacity for thought. Or, as Ray Brassier puts it, “Deleuze insists, it is necessary to absolutize the immanence of this world in such a way as to dissolve the transcendent disjunction between things as we know them and as they are in themselves”. That is, whereas Kant relied on the faculty of judgment to divide representation from objectivity Deleuze attempts to flatten the whole economy beneath the juggernaut of ontological univocity. Speculation, as a particularly useful form of madness, might fall close to Deleuze and Guattari’s shaping of philosophy into a concept producing machine but is different in that it is potentially self destructive – less reliant on the stability of its own concepts and more adherent to exposing a particular horrifying swath of reality. Speculative madness is always a potential disaster in that it acknowledges little more than its own speculative power with the hope that the gibbering of at least a handful of hysterical brains will be useful. Pre-critical metaphysics amounts to madness, though this may be because the world itself is mad while new attempts at speculative metaphysics, at post-Kantian pre-critical metaphysics, are well aware of our own madness. Without the sobriety of the principle of sufficient reason we have a world of neon madness: “we would have to conceive what our life would be if all the movements of the earth, all the noises of the earth, all the smells, the tastes, all the light – of the earth and elsewhere, came to us in a moment, in an instant – like an atrocious screaming tumult of things”. Speculative thought may be participatory in the screaming tumult of the world or, worse yet, may produce its spectral double. Against theology or reason or simply commonsense, the speculative becomes heretical. Speculation, as the cognitive extension of the horrorific sublime should be met with melancholic detachment. Whereas Kant's theoretical invention, or productivity of thought, is self -sabotaging, since the advent of the critical project is a productivity of thought which then delimits the engine of thought at large either in dogmatic gestures or non-systematizable empirical wondrousness. The former is celebrated by the fiction of Thomas Ligotti whereas the latter is espoused by the tales of H.P. Lovecraft. /2/ – Weird Fiction and Philosophy. Supernatural horror, in all its eerie constructions, enables a reader to taste treats inconsistent with his personal welfare. Thomas Ligotti Songs of a Dead Dreamer. I choose weird stories because they suit my inclination best—one of my strongest and most persistent wishes being to achieve,momentarily, the illusion of some strange suspension or violation of the galling limitations of time, space, and natural law which forever imprison us and frustrate our curiosity about the infinite cosmic spaces beyond the radius of our sight and analysis H.P. Lovecraft. “Notes on Writing Weird Fiction” Lovecraft states that his creation of a story is to suspend natural law yet, at the same time, he indexes the tenuousness of such laws, suggesting the vast possibilities of the cosmic. The tension that Lovecraft sets up between his own fictions and the universe or nature is reproduced within his fictions in the common theme of the unreliable narrator; unreliable precisely because they are either mad or what they have witnessed questions the bounds of material reality. In “The Call of Cthulhu” Lovecraft writes: The most merciful thing in the world, I think, is the inability of the human mind to correlate all its contents. We live on a placid island of ignorance in the midst of black seas of infinity, and it was not meant that we should voyage far. The sciences, each straining in its own direction, have hitherto harmed us little; but some day the piecing together of dissociated knowledge will open up such terrifying vistas of reality, and of our frightful position therein, that we shall either go mad from the revelation or flee from the deadly light into the peace and safety of a new dark age. Despite Lovecraft's invocations of illusion, he is not claiming that his fantastic creations such as the Old Ones are supernatural but, following Joshi, are only ever supernormal. One can immediately see that instead of nullifying realism Lovecraft in fact opens up the real to an unbearable degree. In various letters and non-fictional statements Lovecraft espoused strictly materialist tenets, ones which he borrowed from Hugh Elliot namely the uniformity of law, the denial of teleology and the denial of non-material existence. Lovecraft seeks to explore the possibilities of such a universe by piling horror upon horror until the fragile brain which attempts to grasp it fractures. This may be why philosophy has largely ignored weird fiction – while Deleuze and Guattari mark the turn towards weird fiction and Lovecraft in particular, with the precursors to speculative realism as well as contemporary related thinkers have begun to view Lovecraft as making philosophical contributions. Lovecraft's own relation to philosophy is largely critical while celebrating Nietzsche and Schopenhauer. This relationship of Lovecraft to philosophy and philosophy to Lovecraft is coupled with Lovecraft's habit of mercilessly destroying the philosopher and the figure of the academic more generally in his work, a destruction which is both an epistemological destruction and an ontological destruction. Thomas Ligotti's weird fiction which he has designated as a kind of “confrontational escapism” might be best described in the following quote from one of his shortstories, “The human phenomenon is but the sum of densely coiled layers of illusion each of which winds itself on the supreme insanity. That there are persons of any kind when all there can be is mindless mirrors laughing and screaming as they parade about in an endless dream”. Whereas Lovecraft's weirdness draws predominantly from the abyssal depths of the uncharted universe, Ligotti's existential horror focuses on the awful proliferation of meaningless surfaces that is, the banal and every day function of representation. In an interview, Ligotti states: We don't even know what the world is like except through our sense organs, which are provably inadequate. It's no less the case with our brains. Our whole lives are motored along by forces we cannot know and perceptions that are faulty. We sometimes hear people say that they're not feeling themselves. Well, who or what do they feel like then? This is not to say that Ligotti sees nothing beneath the surface but that there is only darkness or blackness behind it, whether that surface is on the cosmological level or the personal. By addressing the implicit and explicit philosophical issues in Ligotti's work we will see that his nightmarish take on reality is a form of malevolent idealism, an idealism which is grounded in a real, albeit dark and obscure materiality. If Ligotti's horrors ultimately circle around mad perceptions which degrade the subject, it takes aim at the vast majority of the focus of continental philosophy. While Lovecraft's acidic materialism clearly assaults any romantic concept of being from the outside, Ligotti attacks consciousness from the inside: Just a little doubt slipped into the mind, a little trickle of suspicion in the bloodstream, and all those eyes of ours, one by one, open up to the world and see its horror [...] Not even the solar brilliance of a summer day will harbor you from horror. For horror eats the light and digests it into darkness. Clearly, the weird fiction of Lovecraft and Ligotti amount to a anti-anthrocentric onslaught against the ramparts of correlationist continental philosophy. /3/ – Shoggothic Materialism or the Formless Formless protoplasm able to mock and reflect all forms and organs and processes—viscous agglutinations of bubbling cells—rubbery fifteen-foot spheroids infinitely plastic and ductile—slaves of suggestion, builders of cities—more and more sullen, more and more intelligent, more and more amphibious, more and more imitative—Great God! What madness made even those blasphemous Old Ones willing to use and to carve such things? H.P. Lovecraft. “At the Mountains of Madness” On the other hand, affirming that the universe resembles nothing and is only formless amounts to saying that the universe is something like a spider or spit. Georges Bataille. “Formless”. The Shoggoths feature most prominently in H.P. Lovecraft's shortstory “At the Mountains of Madness” where they are described in the following manner: It was a terrible, indescribable thing vaster than any subway train – a shapeless congeries of protoplasmic bubbles, faintly self -luminous, and with myriads of temporary eyes forming and un-forming as pustules of greenish light all over the tunnel-filling front that bore down upon us, crushing the frantic penguins and slithering over the glistening floor that it and its kind had swept so evilly free of all litter. The term is a litmus test for materialism itself as the Shoggoth is an amorphous creature. The Shoggoths were living digging machines bio engineered by the Elder Things, and their protoplasmic bodies being formed into various tools by their hypnotic powers. The Shoggoths eventually became self aware and rose up against their masters in an ultimately failed rebellion. After the Elder Ones retreated into the oceans leaving the Shoggoths to roam the frozen wastes of the Antarctic. The onto-genesis of the Shoggoths and their gross materiality, index the horrifyingly deep time of the earth a concept near and dear to Lovecraft's formulation of horror as well as the fear of intelligences far beyond, and far before, the ascent of humankind on earth and elsewhere. The sickly amorphous nature of the Shoggoths invade materialism at large, where while materiality is unmistakably real ie not discursive, psychological, or otherwise overly subjectivist, it questions the relation of materialism to life. As Eugene Thacker writes: The Shoggoths or Elder Things do not even share the same reality with the human beings who encounter them—and yet this encounter takes place, though in a strange no-place that is neither quite that of the phenomenal world of the human subject or the noumenal world of an external reality. Amorphous yet definitively material beings are a constant in Lovecraft's tales. In his tale “The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadatth” Lovecraft describes Azathoth as, “that shocking final peril which gibbers unmentionably outside the ordered universe,” that, “last amorphous blight of nethermost confusion which blashphemes and bubbles at the centre of all infinity,” who, “gnaws hungrily in inconceivable, unlighted chambers beyond time”. Azathoth's name may have multiple origins but the most striking is the alchemy term azoth which is both a cohesive agent and a acidic creation pointing back to the generative and the decayed. The indistinction of generation and degradation materially mirrors the blur between the natural and the unnatural as well as life and non-life. Lovecraft speaks of the tension between the natural and the unnatural is his short story “The Unnameable.” He writes, “if the psychic emanations of human creatures be grotesque distortions, what coherent representation could express or portray so gibbous and infamous a nebulousity as the spectre of a malign, chaotic perversion, itself a morbid blasphemy against Nature?”. Lovecraft explores exactly the tension outlined at the beginning of this chapter, between life and thought. At the end of his short tale Lovecraft compounds the problem as the unnameable is described as “a gelatin—a slime—yet it had shapes, a thousand shapes of horror beyond all memory”. Deleuze suggests that becoming-animal is operative throughout Lovecraft's work, where narrators feel themselves reeling at their becoming non-human or of being the anomalous or of becoming atomized. Following Eugene Thacker however, it may be far more accurate to say that Lovecraft's tales exhibit not a becoming-animal but a becoming-creature. Where the monstrous breaks the purportedly fixed laws of nature, the creature is far more ontologically ambiguous. The nameless thing is an altogether different horizon for thought. The creature is either less than animal or more than animal – its becoming is too strange for animal categories and indexes the slow march of thought towards the bizarre. This strangeness is, as aways, some indefinite swirling in the category of immanence and becoming. Bataille begins “The Labyrinth” with the assertion that being, to continue to be, is becoming. More becoming means more being hence the assertion that Bataille's barking dog is more than the sponge. This would mean that the Shoggotth is altogether too much being, too much material in the materialism. Bataille suggests that there is an immanence between the eater and the eaten, across the species and never within them. That is, despite the chaotic storm of immanence there must remain some capacity to distinguish the gradients of becoming without reliance upon, or at least total dependence upon, the powers of intellection to parse the universe into recognizable bits, properly digestible factoids. That is, if we undo Deleuze's aforementioned valorization of sense which, for his variation of materialism, performed the work of the transcendental, but refuse to reinstate Kant's transcendental disjunction between thing and appearance, then it must be a quality of becoming-as-being itself which can account for the discernible nature of things by sense. In an interview with Peter Gratton, Jane Bennett formulates the problem thusly: What is this strange systematicity proper to a world of Becoming? What, for example, initiates this congealing that will undo itself? Is it possible to identify phases within this formativity, plateaus of differentiation? If so, do the phases/plateaus follow a temporal sequence? Or, does the process of formation inside Becoming require us to theorize a non-chronological kind of time? I think that your student’s question: “How can we account for something like iterable structures in an assemblage theory?” is exactly the right question. Philosophy has erred too far on the side of the subject in the subject-object relation and has furthermore, lost the very weirdness of the non-human. Beyond this, the madness of thought need not override. /4/ - Ventriloquial Idealism or the Externality of Thought My aim is the opposite of Lovecraft's. He had an appreciation for natural scenery on earth and wanted to reach beyond the visible in the universe. I have no appreciation for natural scenery and want the objective universe to be a reflection of a character. Thomas Ligotti. “Devotees of Decay and Desolation.” Unless life is a dream, nothing makes sense. For as a reality, it is a rank failure [….] Horror is more real than we are. Thomas Ligotti. “Professor Nobody's Little Lectures on Supernatural Horror”. Thomas Ligotti's tales are rife with mannequins, puppets, and other brainless entities which of replace the valorized subject of philosophy – that of the free thinking human being. His tales such as “The Dream of the Manikin” aim to destroy the rootedness of consciousness. James Trafford has connected the anti-egoism of Ligotti to Thomas Metzinger – where the self is at best an illusion and we plead desperately for someone else to acknowledge that we are real. Trafford has stated it thus, “Life is played out as an inescapable puppet show, an endless dream in which the puppets are generally unaware that they are trapped within a mesmeric dance of whose mechanisms they know nothing and over which they have no control”. An absolute materialism, for Ligotti, implies an alienation of the idea which leads to a ventriloquil idealism. As Ligotti notes in an interview, “the fiasco and nightmare of existence, the particular fiasco and nightmare of human existence, the sense that people are puppets of powers they cannot comprehend, etc.” And then further elaborates that,“[a]ssuming that anything has to exist, my perfect world would be one in which everyone has experienced the annulment of his or her ego. That is, our consciousness of ourselves as unique individuals would entirely disappear”. The externality of the idea leads to the unfortunate consequence of consciousness eating at itself through horror which, for Ligotti, is more real than reality and goes beyond horror-as-affect. Beyond this, taking together with the unreality of life and the ventriloquizing of subjectivity, Ligotti's thought becomes an idealism in which thought itself is alien and ultimately horrifying. The role of human thought and the relation of non-relation of horror to thought is not completely clear in Ligotti's The Conspiracy Against the Human Race. Ligotti argues in his The Conspiracy Against the Human Race,that the advent of thought is a mistake of nature and that horror is being in the sense that horror results from knowing too much. Yet, at the same time, Ligotti seems to suggest that thought separates us from nature whereas, for Lovecraft, thought is far less privileged – mind is just another manifestation of the vital principal, it is just another materialization of energy. In his brilliant “Prospects for Post-Copernican Dogmatism” Iain Grant rallies against the negative definition of dogmatism and the transcendental, and suggests that negatively defining both over-focuses on conditions of access and subjectivism at the expense of the real or nature. With Schelling, who is Grant's champion against the subjectivist bastions of both Fichte and Kant, Ligotti's idealism could be taken as a transcendental realism following from an ontological realism. Yet the transcendental status of Ligotti's thought move towards a treatment of the transcendental which may threaten to leave beyond its realist ground. Ligotti states: Belief in the supernatural is only superstition. That said, a sense of the supernatural, as Conrad evidenced in Heart of Darkness, must be admitted if one's inclination is to go to the limits of horror. It is the sense of what should not be- the sense of being ravaged by the impossible. Phenomenally speaking, the super-natural may be regarded as the metaphysical counterpart of insanity, a transcendental correlative of a mind that has been driven mad. Again, Ligotti equates madness with thought, qualifying both as supernatural while remaining less emphatic about the metaphysical dimensions of horror. The question becomes one of how exactly the hallucinatory realm of the ideal relates to the black churning matter of Lovecraft's chaos of elementary particles. In his tale “I Have a Special Plan for This World” Ligotti formulates thus: A: There is no grand scheme of things. B: If there were a grand scheme of things, the fact – the fact – that we are not equipped to perceive it, either by natural or supernatural means, is a nightmarish obscenity. C: The very notion of a grand scheme of things is a nightmarish obscenity. Here Ligotti is not discounting metaphysics but implying that if it does exist the fact that we are phenomenologically ill-equipped to perceive that it is nightmarish. For Ligotti, nightmare and horror occur within the circuit of consciousness whereas for Lovecraft the relation between reality and mind is less productive on the side of mind. It is easier to ascertain how the Kantian philosophy is a defense against the diseases of the head as Kant armors his critical enterprise from too much of the world and too much of the mind. The weird fiction of both Lovecraft and Ligotti demonstrates that there is too much of both feeding into one another in a way that corrodes the Kantian schema throughly, breaking it down into a dead but still ontologically potentiated nigredo. The haunting, terrifying fact of Ligotti's idealism is that the transcendental motion which brought thought to matter, while throughly material and naturalized, brings with it the horror that thought cannot be undone without ending the material that bears it either locally or completely. Thought comes from an elsewhere and an elsewhen being-in-thought. The unthinkable outside thought is as maddening as the unthought engine of thought itself within thought which doesn't exist except for the mind, the rotting décor of the brain. /5/ - Hyperstitional Transcendental Paranoia or Self -Expelled Thought Weird fiction has been given some direct treatment in philosophy in the mad black Deleuzianism of Nick Land. Nick Land along with others in the 1990s created the Cyber Culture Research Unit as well as the research group Hyperstition. The now defunct hyperstitional website, an outgrowth of the Cyber Culture Research Unit, defined hyperstition in the following fourfold: 1-Element of effective culture that makes itself real. 2-Fictional quantity functional as a time-traveling device. 3-Coincidence intensifier. 4-Call to the Old Ones. The distinctively Lovecraftian character of hyperstition is hard to miss as is its Deleuzo-Guattarian roots. In the opening pages of A Thousand Plateaus Deleuze and Guattari write, “We have been criticized for over-quoting literary authors. But when one writes, the only question is which other machine the literary machine can be plugged into”. The indisinction of literature and philosophy mirrors the mess of being and knowing as post-correlationist philosophy, where philosophy tries to make itself real where literature, especially the weird, aims itself at the brain-circuit of horror. The texts of both Lovecraft and Ligotti work through horror as epistemological plasticity meeting with proximity as well as the deep time of Lovecraft and the glacially slow time of paranoia in Ligotti. Against Deleuze, and following Brassier, we cannot allow the time of consciousness, the Bergsonian time of the duree, to override natural time, but instead acknowledge that it is an unfortunate fact of existence as a thinking being. Horror-time, the time of consciousness, with all its punctuated moments and drawn out terrors, cannot compare to the deep time of non-existence both in the unreachable past and the unknown future. The crystalline cogs of Kant's account of experience as the leading light for the possibility of metaphysics must be throughly obliterated. His gloss of experience in Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics could not be more sterile: Experience consists of intuitions, which belong to the sensibility, and of judgments, which are entirely a work of the understanding. But the judgments which the understanding makes entirely out of sensuous intuitions are far from being judgments of experience. For in the one case the judgment connects only the perceptions as they are given in sensuous intuition [....] Experience consists in the synthetic connection of appearances in consciousness, so far as this connection is necessary. Here it is difficult to dismiss the queasiness that Kant's legalism induces upon sight for both Badiou and David-Menard. Kant's thought becomes, as Foucault says when reflecting on Sade's text in relation to nature, “the savage abolition of itself”. For Badiou, Kant's philosophy simply closes off too much of the outside, freezing the world of thought in an all too limited formalism. Critical philosophy is simply the systematized quarantine on future thinking, on thinking which would threaten the formalism which artificially grants thought its own coherency in the face of madness. Even the becoming-mad of Deleuze, while escaping the rumbling ground, makes grounds for itself, mad grounds but grounds which are thinkable in their affect. The field of effects allows for Deleuze's aesthetic and radical empiricism, in which effects and/or occasions make up the material of the world to be thought as a chaosmosis of simulacra. Given a critique of an empiricism of aesthetics, of the image, it may be difficult to justify an attack on Kantian formalism with the madness of literature, which does not aim to make itself real but which we may attempt to make real. That is, how do Lovecraft's and Ligotti's materials, as materials for philosophy to work on, differ from either the operative formalisms of Kant or the implicitly formalized images of Deleuzian empiricism? It is simply that such texts do not aim to make themselves real, and make claims to the real which are more alien to us than familiar, which is why their horror is immediately more trustworthy. This is the madness which Blanchot discusses in The Infinite Conversation through Cervantes and his knight – the madness of book-life, of the perverse unity of literature and life a discussion which culminates in the discussion of one of the weird's masters, that of Kafka. The text is the knowing of madness, since madness, in its moment of becoming-more-mad, cannot be frozen in place but by the solidifications of externalizing production. This is why Foucault ends his famous study with works of art. Furthermore extilligence, the ability to export the products of our maligned brains, is the companion of the attempts to export, or discover the possibility of intelligences outside of our heads, in order for philosophy to survive the solar catastrophe. To borrow again from Deleuze, writing is inseparable from becoming. The mistake is to believe that madness is reabsorbed by extilligence, by great works, or that it could be exorcised by the expelling of thought into the inorganic or differently organic. Going out of our heads does not guarantee we will no longer mean we cannot still go out of our minds. This is simply because of the outside, of matter, or force, or energy, or thing-in-itself, or Schopenhauerian Will. In Lovecraft’s “The Music of Erich Zahn” an “impoverished student of metaphysics” becomes intrigued by strange viol music coming from above his room. After meeting the musician the student discovers that each night he plays frantic music at a window in order to keep some horridness at bay, some “impenetrable darkness with chaos and pandemonium”. The aesthetic defenses provided by the well trained brain can bear the hex of matter for so long, the specter of unalterability within it which too many minds obliterate, collapsing everything before the thought of thought as thinkable or at least noetically mutable on our own terms. Transcendental paranoia is the concurrent nightmare and promise of Paul Humphrey's work, of being literally out of our minds. It is the gothic counterpart of thinking non-conceptually but also of thinking never belonging to any instance of purportedly solid being. As Bataille stated, “At the boundary of that which escapes cohesion, he who reflects within cohesion realizes there is no longer any room for him” Thought is immaterial only to the degree that it is inhuman, it is a power that tries, always with failure, to ascertain its own genesis. Philosophy, if it can truly return to the great outdoors, if it can leave behind the dead loop of the human skull, must recognize not only the non-priority of human thought, but that thought never belongs to the brain that thinks it, thought comes from somewhere else. To return to the train image from the beginning “a locomotive rolling on the surface of the earth is the image of continuous metamorphosis” this is the problem of thought, and of thinking thought, of being no longer able to isolate thought, with only a thought-formed structure. [1] One of the central tenets of Francois Laruelle's non-philosophy is that philosophy has traditionally operated on material already presupposed as thinkable instead of trying to think the real in itself. Philosophy, according to Laruelle, remains fixated on transcendental synthesis which shatters immanence into an empirical datum and an a prori factum which are then fused by a third thing such as the ego. For a critical account of Laruelle's non-philosophy see Ray Brassier's Nihil Unbound. (shrink)

Resumen: Siguiendo el hilo conductor de la pregunta sobre cómo se nos puede conceder un acceso a la poesía de Paul Celan, el artículo discute dos enfoques diferentes: por un lado, el de la experiencia hermenéutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer; por otro, el de la experiencia diseminal de Jacques Derrida. La intención de la confrontación de las posiciones opuestas respecto a la poesía de Celan no es ni examinar los supuestos y preposiciones de ambas posiciones ni impugnar la legitimidad de una (...) de ellas desde el punto de vista de la otra, sino establecer y evocar el sentido de la disensión, la significación del discernimiento entre ellas y, así, abrir un campo de posibilidad para ambas, para una hermenéutica y para una deconstrucción hoy; y a través de ello también, y sobre todo, un lugar y un tiempo para el poema de Celan, la posibilidad de escucharlo y oírlo, de convertirse en destinatario de su voz inter-(a)pelativa. Palabras clave “Du liegst”; Lenguaje hermético; Comprensión; H.G. Gadamer; J. Derrida // The Secret of the Encounter. Paul Celan’s Poetry between Hermeneutics and DeconstructionAbstract Following the guiding line of the question how an access to Paul Celan’s po-etry can be granted to us, the article discusses two different approaches: on the one hand, the hermeneutic experience of Hans-Georg Gadamer; on the other hand, the disseminating experience of Jacques Derrida. The intention of the confrontation of the opposing positions regarding Celan’s poetry is nei-ther to examine the suppositions and prepositions of both positions nor to contest the legitimacy of either of them from the viewpoint of the other, but rather to establish and evoke the sense of the dissention, the signification of the discernment between them and, thus, open up the field of possibility for both, for a hermeneutics and for a deconstruction today, and through it also, above all, a place and a time for Celan’s poem, the possibility to listen to it and to hear it, to become the addressee of its inter-(a)pellative voice. Keywords “Du liegst”; Hermetic language; Understanding; H.G. Gadamer; J. Derrida. -/- Este artículo fue traducido al español por Facundo Bey. (shrink)

Deontic logic is standardly conceived as the logic of true statements about the existence of obligations and permissions. In his last writings on the subject, G. H. von Wright criticized this view of deontic logic, stressing the rationality of norm imposition as the proper foundation of deontic logic. The present paper is an attempt to advance such an account of deontic logic using the formal apparatus of update semantics and dynamic logic. That is, we first define norm systems and a (...) semantics of norm performatives as transformations of the norm system. Then a static modal logic for norm propositions is defined on that basis. In the course of this exposition we stress the performative nature of (i) free choice permission, (ii) the sealing legal principle and (iii) the social nature of permission. That is, (i) granting a disjunctive permission means granting permission for both disjuncts; (ii) non-prohibition does not entail permission, but the authority can declare that whatever he does not forbid is thereby permitted; and (iii) granting permission to one person means that all others are committed to not prevent the invocation of that permission. (shrink)

Only ten years since Derrida’s death, with critical detachment, is it possible to be in touch with him again, to start from the beginning of his philosophizing in company with Plato, and from this vantage point to re-read Dissemination? What really stands between Plato and Derrida? In the first page of Pharmacia Derrida writes: “We will take off here from the Phaedrus ... Only a blind or grossly insensitive reading, could indeed spread the rumour that Plato was simply condemning the (...) writer’s activity”.1 Hence the question: Is the nexus writing/pharmakon profitable for thinking of something ambivalent and irreducible, present and absent, something bearer of indefinitely deferred presence in the play of infinite real or imaginary substitutions? The main enterprise of this essay orbits about the problematic of writing, understood as τέχνη, but also as a key locus of relation Plato/ Derrida. Here technology - and thinking of its function and value- I would like to argue, regards the technical and non-technical, the practical and theoretical, seeing that thinking of their function remains always a “parasitical contamination”, seeing that writing is another speech, and, according this statement, we may regard Plato as he who paves the way for Derrida. In what follows, through textual analysis I will focus on some interesting unrolling, connected and disconnected threads by discussing the readings of different scholars and philosophers such as the disputed classicist E. A. Havelock, the historians of ancient philosophy G. Reale and C. H. Kahn. In particular I will explore, first, the nexus speech/writing, and argue that historically Plato was a bi-medial philosopher and writer, an aspect taken for granted, but not sufficiently attended by scholarship. In the second part of the essay I hold that the Derridean reading of ‘Plato’s Pharmacy’ discovers a special deconstruction at work within Plato’s dialogues. In the light of the manifold τέχνη, and of the hybrid Khora, at the end the apparent ambiguity in Plato’s stance and Derrida’s φάρμακον invites us to identify Plato as the Father of deconstruction. (shrink)

RELAÇÃO E EFEITOS BIOQUÍMICO-NUTRICIONAIS SOBRE A RETENÇÃO DE PLACENTA EM VACAS -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Departamento de Agropecuária – IFPE Campus Belo Jardim [email protected] ou [email protected] WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399 -/- •__1. Retenção de placenta -/- A retenção da placenta é uma anomalia reprodutiva de diferentes origens. Nos bovinos, caracteriza-se pela não expulsão dos anexos dos sacos placentários nas primeiras 12 horas após o parto. Os principais fatores que podem causar a retenção de placenta são: a) dificuldades no processo normal (...) do parto (distorcias, partos gêmeos, etc.), b) distúrbios hormonais, c) estresse intenso (subnutrição, falta de movimento, mau manejo do período de transição), d) doenças infecciosas, e) prolongamento do processo de gestação e f) fatores hereditários (KANKOFER, et al. 2005). Na apresentação das retenções de placenta considera-se a seguinte ordem: a primeira opção é de tipo infeccioso, portanto, deve-se descartar agentes indutores de aborto e de retenção infecciosa de placenta como: Brucella (principal causa de aborto), Leptospira, Neospora, etc. Logo, a causa mais frequente de retenções de placenta, corresponde a intervenções muito precoces na atenção do parto. Isto faz com que não haja descolamento normal da placenta, terminando o parto. Esta segunda causa seria de origem mecânica ou traumática ao induzir o rasgo incompleto da unidade cotilédone-caruncular. A terceira causa de retenção de placenta são desequilíbrios nutricionais (FRAZER, 2005; GORDON, 1996), entre os quais podemos citar: 1.1 Deficiência de energia Dentro do aspecto nutricional este é um dos fatores que tem grande importância devido à deficiência na dieta de energia, levando a um Balanço Energético Negativo (BEN), já que o animal se vê obrigado a mobilizar reservas (CONTRERAS, 1998). Alterações metabólicas que ocorrem, causam stress no animal, stress que é refletido em problemas reprodutivos como a retenção da placenta que é dada pelas alterações que levam ao não desprendimento do cotilédone das criptas carunculares ou por baixa resposta do endométrio que nos processos de contração produz isquemia temporária na carúncula. Outra razão associada é que quando têm-se uma baixa no consumo de energia também se reduz a produção de glicose, a médio prazo o colesterol não é sintetizado e, portanto, a produção de estrogénios diminui, uma vez que não haverá excedentes energéticos que possam sintetizar o precursor da hormona esteroide, que a mesma placenta segrega ocorrendo uma atonia uterina onde não haverá contratilidade do útero na hora do parto o que leva à retenção de placenta, como sequela imediata ao estresse do parto sob grave BEN. 1.2 Deficiências de minerais Uma das causas da retenção de placenta é o déficit de alguns nutrientes no pré-parto, dentro dos quais se encontram o iodo e o selênio. Por isso, um dos sinais que evidenciaria a deficiência de selênio seria a retenção da placenta. Talvez a forragem que se está oferecendo ao animal seja afetada pela estação do ano que determina os aumentos das deficiências nos meses de inverno, e a carência deve-se não só à disponibilidade na planta, mas também à disponibilidade e mobilidade do mineral no solo. A presença de altas concentrações de selênio em tecidos como o ovário, a placenta, a hipófise e as glândulas adrenais é uma manifestação da importância do conhecimento de uma possível deficiência do mesmo e suas consequências na área reprodutiva. A deficiência de selênio afeta a função da tireoide, uma vez que demonstrou-se que a concentração de tiroxina (T4), produzida pela tiroide em animais com deficiência de selênio, está aumentada no plasma enquanto a triiodotironina (T3) está diminuída. Isto deve-se à ação da enzima tipo I, iodotironina-5-deiodinase, que contém selênio na sua molécula, o que explica a diminuição da função hormonal da glândula tiroide que pode ser encontrada em animais com deficiência de selênio. Podem ser tomadas medidas preventivas para evitar problemas de retenção da placenta com a administração parentérica (IM) de 5 a 10 mg de selênio 1 mês antes do parto, podendo também evitar-se este fenômeno através da administração do selênio orgânico do tipo seleniometionina. Isto eleva o nível de enzima antioxidante glutationa peroxidase pelo menos por 3 meses, este tempo de proteção favorece a redução na retenção da placenta, uma vez que o parto é o momento de maior geração de radicais livres de oxigênio, cujo efeito nocivo é neutralizado pela glutationa peroxidase que é rica em selênio. A disponibilidade de selênio nas forrageiras brasileira é deficiente, uma vez que esse elemento encontrado no solo e em pouquíssimas quantidades é lixiviado pelas condições naturais. O selênio ainda possui funções essenciais no trato reprodutivo de touros e vacas, dentre as funções nós touros que mais se destacam estão a função antioxidante, que protege a membrana lipídica dos espermatozoides e também a função estrutural dos mesmos, uma vez que é estrutura fixa intermediária da membrana e das mitocôndrias dos espermatozoides. Quando há deficiência de selênio nos machos, a gametogênese fica comprometida e os espermatozoides apresentam-se com anormalidades em sua estrutura e elevam-se as porcentagens de oligozoospermia e de necrozoospermia. Nas vacas, a função do selênio também é antioxidante e sua ação evita o aparecimento dos cistos nós ovários, que são folículos que, por alguma intempérie, não ovularam naturalmente e normalmente. Estudos feitos por Julian et al., demonstraram que a inserção do selênio e a vitamina E na dieta das vacas gestantes reduziram indubitavelmente a incidência de retenção de placenta nas vacas (tabela 1). Foram testadas 193 vacas com quantidades variáveis de selênio divididas em grupo de controle e grupo tratado, os resultados demonstram que o selênio é essencial para que se reduza o número de placentas retidas por vacas. Tabela 1: Efeito do selênio e da vitamina E na prevenção de retenção de placenta -/- Selênio na dieta (mg/kg) Grupo de controle Grupo de tratamento* N° de vacas Placentas retidas % N° de vacas Placentas retidas % 0,04 39 16 41 53 6 11,3 0,02 23 12 52 37 4 10,8 0,035 9 7 77,7 14 0 0 — 9 6 66,7 9 0 0 Total 80 41 51,2 113 10 88 * Injeção IM de 50 mg de selenito de sódio e 600 UI de acetato de alfa-tocoferol. 40 – 20 dias ou 20 dias pré-parto. Fonte: JULIEN et al., 1976. Para oferecer alimentos ricos em selênio, basta que o criador utilize farelos/rações com ingredientes como a semente de girassol, o arroz ou o próprio trigo, desde que a quantidade presente na ração supra as necessidades e exigências dos animais para seus processos fisiológicos. Todavia, vale salientar que o selênio é um elemento químico encontrado no solo, e que a quantidade do mesmo nesses ingredientes implica no manejo correto do solo onde foram cultivados. Outro elemento muito importante é o iodo em si, já que sua deficiência influenciará sobre o comportamento sexual produzindo-se supressão ou depressão dos níveis de estrogênio, também pode diminuir a incidência de partos prolongados, cuja pior consequência é o aumento de placentas retidas. A importância de suplementar os animais com este mineral nas zonas afastadas do mar mostra uma notável melhoria nas taxas de concepção e redução da retenção de placenta. O iodo é efetivamente absorvido na circulação sanguínea, a partir do qual passa para a glândula tireoide ou é eliminado através da urina. A tireoide contém grande quantidade de iodo na forma de tiroglobulina. A partir das tironinas é sintetizado T3 e T4. A deficiência do mineral produz bócio que consiste em uma hipertrofia da tireoide, uma vez que o órgão tenta compensar a falta de iodo tornando mais eficiente seu mecanismo para captá-lo. A tireoide produz compostos hormonais que têm uma característica única no organismo, é que em sua composição entra o iodo. Isto é um fato importante, porque se o organismo não tiver iodo, a tireoide não pode produzir hormonas da tireóideas (T3 e T4). O iodo é um dos elementos essenciais. Poder-se-ia viver com um número limitado de elementos, é possível viver sem níquel, sem cádmio, mas impossível viver sem iodo. O iodo é um elemento químico encontrado no mar, sendo assim, os animais marinhos como peixes, moluscos, lulas, etc. são notadamente ricos em iodo. Para suprir as necessidades de iodo das vacas, bem como de quaisquer outra espécie doméstica, o criador poderá obter por oferecer uma ração industrial que contenha o iodo necessário que supra as necessidades e exigências das vacas, ou poderá optar pela utilização de farinha de peixe, por exemplo, como fonte de iodo sustentável e de baixo valor comercial. Uma deficiência de cobre e zinco nos níveis séricos pode causar a retenção de placenta, sendo assim, deve-se ter em conta a idade do animal, já que em menor idade há maior probabilidade de ocorrer o problema (AKAR, et al. 2005). Os hormônios da tireoide têm múltiplas funções. Atualmente sabe-se que a mais importante delas é intervir no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso, participa na calorigênese e na regulação do consumo de oxigênio, por essa razão, processos de elevada troca de oxigênio requerem elevados níveis circulantes de hormonas tireóideas, tal como acontece no parto, onde o miométrio e a musculatura abdominal sofrem constantes contrações para a expulsão do feto e da placenta. Por esta razão, deficiências de iodo gerarão menor síntese de T3 e T4, dando lugar a menor regulação da troca de oxigênio e, com isso, a uma provável retenção de placenta por esgotamento após a contração muscular. O cobre usado em quantidades adequadas nas rações dos animais de produção, pode ser um ótimo promotor de crescimento, sendo assim, é indispensável na dieta das vacas e quaisquer outros animais de criação, ele é encontrado em diversos cereais, sendo a aveia o maior destaque que o produtor pode obter para oferecer a seus animais, ou mesmo com uma ração balanceada. O zinco é um microelemento imprescindível na vida da vaca, pode ser oferecido através de ração, em pasto ou por meio de cereais como o amendoim ou a castanha do caju. Esses minerais supracitados (selênio, iodo, cobre e zinco), podem ser oferecidos, além do método mais tradicional que é por meio de alimentos concentrados (ração), por meio dos alimentos volumosos que são as forrageiras como os capins. Para tanto, o criador deve optar por uma variedade que consiga, por meio da sua fisiologia vegetal, apresentar quantidades aceitáveis desses minerais em sua matéria verde ou seca. As vacas, bem como as demais espécies de produção, possuem exigências específicas de minerais, vitaminas, carboidratos, proteínas, etc. como já supracitado. As quantidades dos minerais (tabela 2) presentes no alimento fornecido devem ser respeitadas para que não haja problemas maiores como Intoxicações. Tabela 2: Exigências minerais para vacas de corte e leite -/- Mineral Vacas de corte em gestação (mg/kg) Vacas leiteiras em transição (mg/kg) Vacas leiteiras em lactação (mg/kg) Selênio 0,10 0,3 0,3 Iodo 0,50 0,4 – 0,5 0,34 – 0,88 Cobre 10 12 – 18 9 – 16 Zinco 30 21 – 30 43 – 73 Fonte: BARBOSA & SOUZA, 2003. 1.3 Fitoestrógenos Outra possível causa da retenção placentária é a manifestação do chamado "Síndrome Hiperestrogênico", que pode resultar no consumo de grandes quantidades de fitoestrogênios provenientes da alfafa, trevos e outras plantas ricas em estrogênios de origem vegetal. Os fitoestrogênios, tais como cumarinas e isoflavonas, são substâncias que têm a capacidade de ligar-se aos receptores endógenos de estrogênios, provocando nos animais que os ingerem em grandes quantidades, alterações reprodutivas por hiperestrogenização. Nos bovinos foram observados casos de ninfomania, hiperemia vulvar, quistos ováricos, hiperplasia das mas e do útero, prolapsos da vagina, relaxamento dos ligamentos pélvicos e até a esterilidade. O fitoestrogênio encontra-se presente em maior quantidade na alfafa (coumestrol), que é 30 a 100 vezes mais potente do que outros fitoestrogênios presentes em vegetais como as isoflavonas. Estas substâncias encontram-se naturalmente em pequenas quantidades nas forragens e possuem efeitos antimicrobianos e fungicidas. A diferença com os estrogênios provenientes de ervas ou fitoestrogênios, representados pela genisteína, genistina e coumestrol presentes em muitas plantas leguminosas, e estrogênio endógeno, como 17-beta estradiol, estrona e outros compostos esteroides, é que os estrogênios endógenos são eliminados através da urina, das fezes ou são biologicamente desativados e não são armazenados como os fitoestrogênios. O possível efeito direto dos fitoestrogênios sobre a retenção da placenta, seria o bloqueio dos receptores para os estrogênios naturais, perdendo esta fonte de estímulo contrátil que resulta na expulsão da placenta. -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- AKAR, Yaşar; YILDIZ, Hamit. Concentrations of some minerals in cows with retained placenta and abortion. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, v. 29, n. 5, p. 1157-1162, 2005. BARBOSA, Fabiano Alvim; SOUZA, G. M. Efeito dos microminerais na reprodução de bovinos. Belo Horizonte: Portal Agronomia, 2009. BOLAND, M. P. Efectos nutricionales en la reproducción del ganado. XXXI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2003. CONTRERAS, Pedro A. Síndrome de movilización grasa en vacas lecheras al inicio de la lactancia y sus efectos en salud y producción de los rebaños. Archivos de medicina veterinaria, v. 30, n. 2, p. 17-27, 1998. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Reprodução Animal: Fisiologia do Parto e da Lactação Animal. Disponível em:-. Acesso em: Março de 2020. DE LUCA, Leonardo J. Nutrición y fertilidad en el ganado lechero. XXXVI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2008. FRAZER, Grant S. Bovine theriogenology. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, v. 21, n. 2, p. xiii-xiv, 2005. GORDON, Ian. Controlled reproduction in farm animals series. Nova Iorque: CAB International, 1996. JULIEN, W. E.; CONRAD, H. R.; MOXON, A. L. Selenium and vitamin E and incidence of retained placenta in parturient dairy cows. II. Prevention in commercial herds with prepartum treatment. Journal of dairy science, v. 59, n. 11, p. 1960-1962, 1976. KANKOFER, M.; LIPKO, J.; ZDUNCZYK, S. Total antioxidant capacity of bovine spontaneously released and retained placenta. Pathophysiology, v. 11, n. 4, p. 215-219, 2005. -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Belo Jardim, 29 de março de 2020 . (shrink)

Relação e Efeitos Bioquímico-nutricionais Sobre o Aborto em Vacas -/- -/- E. I. C. da Silva Departamento de Agropecuária – IFPE Campus Belo Jardim -/- ABORTO EM BOVINOS -/- INTRODUÇÃO -/- O aborto é a expulsão involuntária do produto da gestação entre os 45 dias de gestação e os 250 dias. O aborto, tem diferentes origens, as mais frequentes são de caráter infeccioso, daqui, a pouca atenção dada aos abortos de outra origem, em especial os causados por problemas nutricionais. O (...) aborto é considerado um sinal inequívoco de um complexo de origem multifatorial (MONCADA, 2001). -/- 16.1 Contaminação dos alimentos -/- Um agente etiológico relacionado com o aborto nutricional são os alimentos contaminados por micotoxinas, estes são elementos tóxicos produzidos por fungos que crescem em plantas, fenos, silos, grãos, subprodutos e outros alimentos armazenados; existem diferentes tipos de micotoxinas, podem incluir-se, por exemplo, aflatoxinas e os metabolitos tóxicos produzidos por Aspergillus e Penicillium. São derivados difuranocumarínicos que atravessam a barreira placentária provocando cirrose hepática. Também provocam alterações na coagulação sanguínea devido a alterações na protrombina, fator VII e X, e possivelmente fator IX; interferem no metabolismo da síntese das proteínas devido a uma modificação no DNA padrão e RNA polimerase na fase de translação, e ácidos nucleicos. -/- Zearalenona: produzida por Fusarium graminearum, roseum e outros, produz perda de peso, exsudação vaginal, mortes embrionárias e abortos, uma vez que as lesões estão confinadas ao aparelho reprodutor, apresentam-se edema e hiperplasia do útero além de atrofia do ovário. -/- Trichotecenos: produzidos especialmente por Fusarium tricintum, tem ação citotóxica em tecidos de rápido crescimento e com rápida substituição, como a medula óssea, gônadas e tecido linfático. São teratogênicas e embriotóxicas. -/- -/- Ochratoxina: é embriotóxica, provocando abortos em vacas leiteiras. O trevo branco, e em menor quantidade o trevo amarelo, possuem cumarina, que sob a ação de certos fungos se transforma em dicumarina, substância com ação anticoagulante e tóxica que impede a formação de protrombina ou fator II no fígado; devido à sua competência com a vitamina K que intervém na síntese da protrombina, atravessa a barreira placentária, apresentando-se nascimentos de animais com hemorragias fatais em gengivas e umbigos. -/- A deficiência de manganês inibe a coagulação sanguínea, já que a protrombina e outras proteínas associadas ao fenômeno são glicoproteínas que requerem glicerol- transferase, que contém manganês, para sua síntese. -/- Esse é um dos elementos de grande importância na nutrição animal, uma vez que a qualidade do alimento, bem como a conservação do mesmo estão relacionados com a saúde e o bem-estar dos animais. Sendo assim, os pastos acometidos por fungos devem ser tratados com o auxílio de um agrônomo que avaliará as vantagens e/ou desvantagens da aplicação de fungicidas no pasto. Com as forragens em campo tratadas, deve-se atentar-se ao seu armazenamento, caso esse material seja disponível em feno e silagem. Porém, forragens ensiladas e fenadas são mais resistentes ao ataque de fungos, uma vez que no processo essas perdem quase senão toda a quantidade de água presente em sua composição. -/- 16.2 Minerais -/- 16.2.1 Manganês (Mn) -/- O manganês forma a parte primordial do superóxido dismutase, enzima localizada a nível mitocondrial. A enzima exibe grande atividade antioxidante dentro dos organismos, aumenta sua atividade paralelamente com a produção de progesterona no corpo lúteo dos mamíferos razão pela qual, considera-se que exerce um papel fundamental na manutenção da função de suporte da gestação, esteroides e integridade desta estrutura em muitas espécies animais. -/- O carácter antioxidante destas moléculas também foi evidenciado a nível do endométrio durante o curso normal dos ciclos estrais, o que favorece a regulação dos mesmos e a preparação destes tecidos para suportar e manter uma gravidez. Por esta razão, se houver uma deficiência deste elemento, haverá abortos. O Mn também está relacionado com o desenvolvimento e crescimento dos tecidos ósseos e cartilaginosos, por serem componentes importantes das enzimas galactotransferase e glicosiltransferase responsáveis por estimular a produção de muco polissacarídeo e glicoproteínas primordiais para o desenvolvimento de tais estruturas. -/- -/- Contribuições insuficientes do elemento na dieta têm sido relacionados diretamente com anestro, retorno irregular ao estro, pobre desenvolvimento folicular, cistos ovarianos, atraso na ovulação, redução nas taxas de concepção e aumento nas taxas de aborto entre outras. -/- Para que o criador possa se livrar de complicações que possuem relação direta com o Mn, deve-se fornecer forragens que possuem no mínimo 40 mg/kg de MS em sua composição e não mais que 1000 ppm (nível tóxico do Mn). Os métodos de suplementação são diversos, entre eles via alimento, água, ração ou com o sulfato de manganês injetável no animal, nota essa última opção torna-se mais cara, sendo a via alimentar a mais barata e acessível na propriedade. -/- Se as plantas da fazenda forem deficientes em Mn o agricultor pode optar pela adubação mineral de todo o terreno com o mineral e outros, desde que seja auxiliado pela consultoria de um agrônomo, uma vez que excessos podem tornar o solo inviável e podem ocasionar intoxicações no animal pela ingestão das plantas ou da água que contém excessos de minerais. -/- 16.2.2 Iodo (I) -/- O iodo (I) é o elemento constitutivo principal das hormonas tireóideas (tiroxina e triiodotironina) relacionadas com a termorregulação, metabolismo intermediário, reprodução, crescimento e desenvolvimento, hematopoese, circulação sanguínea e funcionamento neuromuscular. A nível reprodutivo, as deficiências deste elemento são reconhecidas por supressão da apresentação de cios, aumento do número de natimortos, abortos, aumento de casos de retenção de membranas fetais, gestações prolongadas etc. (MONCADA, 2001). -/- Foi demonstrado que o I e o selênio Se interagem na alteração da função da glândula tireoide. A adição de tiroxina exógena provoca um aumento significativo do tamanho e crescimento de fetos e membranas fetais, acompanhado de desenvolvimento acelerado a nível pulmonar e tecido adiposo. Níveis deficientes de I durante a gestação tardia induzem baixos níveis de hormônios nos recém-nascidos, o que aumenta a susceptibilidade à hipotermia e diminui notavelmente a viabilidade da cria. -/- As deficiências de I geralmente ocorrem quando os animais consomem pastos que possuem substâncias bociógenas, contidas por exemplo em Panicum coloratum e Paspalum dilatatum, assim como no Trifolium repens. Deficiências de I induzem hipotiroidismo, redução da taxa metabólica basal, atraso do crescimento, problemas cardíacos e redução das secreções apocrinas. -/- O I deve ser oferecido em quantidades entre 0,25 e 0,88 mg/kg diárias e que não ultrapassem as 50 ppm para todas as categorias animais. Pode-se suplementar os animais com I através dos métodos convencionais conhecidos como a administração de volumoso, concentrado, iodo presente na água ou via injetável. -/- O I ainda possui relação com o Se, e este não deve ser fornecido em quantidades que ultrapassem as 0,3 e 0,10 mg/kg de MS. Também pode-se evitar deficiências de Se mediante a injeção de selenito no animal em concentrações que não ultrapassem as 5 a 10 mg presentes no líquido da injeção. -/- 16.2.3 Cobalto (Co) e vitamina B12 -/- O Co é um componente essencial da vitamina B12. Os microrganismos ruminais são capazes de sintetizá-la, se houver a presença do Co. A enzima metilmalonil-CoA Mutase é essencial para o metabolismo do propionato e do succinato, isto é, com a regulação dos aportes de energia nos ruminantes. Sua deficiência, portanto, leva a uma deficiência energética, os sinais clínicos são semelhantes a um quadro subclínico de deficiência proteica e/ou energética. Quando o quadro se agrava aumenta-se a perda de peso, extrema inapetência, perda de massa muscular, abortos, anemia grave e até a morte. -/- O Co pode ser administrado aos animais via água, alimento ou injetável. A concentração permitida do mineral na dieta dos animais em qualquer idade ou categoria devem obedecer as 0,07 – 0,11 mg/kg de MS diariamente, o que evita todo e qualquer tipo de transtorno relacionada a deficiência do mesmo. -/- A deficiência de Co gera uma deficiência automática da vitamina B12. Possui 4,5% de Co em sua composição. A escassez dessa vitamina pode ser observada em animais que estão fracos, diminuem o consumo de alimentos e que apresentem anemia de todo caráter. Ocorre nas formas de adenosilcobalamina (figura 1) e metilcobalamina que estão presentes em plantas e no tecidos dos animais. A função geral dessa vitamina é a síntese de células vermelhas e da manutenção da integridade do sistema nervoso. -/- A deficiência de vitamina B12 impede a formação de hemoglobina e ocorrem lesões a nível do SNC, o que afeta seriamente o metabolismo de carboidratos, lipídios e ácidos nucléicos, logo afetando o desenvolvimento fetal e aumentando o risco de abortos. -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- BARRENHO, Gonçalo José Pinheiro. Nutrição e fertilidade em bovinos de leite. 2016. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade de Évora. -/- BERCHIELLI, Telma Teresinha; PIRES, Alexandre Vaz; OLIVEIRA, SG de. Nutrição de ruminantes. Jaboticabal: funep, 2006. -/- BINDARI, Yugal Raj et al. Effects of nutrition on reproduction-A review. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res, v. 4, n. 1, p. 421-429, 2013. -/- BOLAND, M. P. Efectos nutricionales en la reproducción del ganado. XXXI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2003. -/- DEHNING, R. Interrelaciones entre nutrición y fertilidad. In: Curso Manejo de la Fertilidad Bovina18-23 May 1987Medellín (Colombia). CICADEP, Bogotá (Colombia) Universidad de La Salle, Medellín (Colombia) Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogotá (Colombia) Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica-GTZ (Alemania), 1987. -/- DE LUCA, Leonardo J. Nutrición y fertilidad en el ganado lechero. XXXVI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2008. -/- DIAS, Juliano Cesar et al. Alguns aspectos da interação nutrição-reprodução em bovinos: energia, proteína, minerais e vitaminas. PUBVET, v. 4, p. Art. 738-743, 2010. -/- FRAZER, Grant S. Bovine theriogenology. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, v. 21, n. 2, p. xiii-xiv, 2005. -/- GORDON, Ian. Controlled reproduction in farm animals series. Nova Iorque: CAB International, 1996. -/- MAAS, John. Relationship between nutrition and reproduction in beef cattle. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice, v. 3, n. 3, p. 633-646, 1987. -/- MONCADA, A. H. Implicaciones metabólicas en el aborto bovino. Seminario de Nutrición, Reproducción y Clínica de Bovinos. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin. 2001. -/- PASA, Camila. Relação reprodução animal e os minerais. Biodiversidade, v. 9, n. 1, 2011. -/- PAVARINI, Saulo P. et al. Anomalias congênitas em fetos bovinos abortados no sul do Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, v. 28, n. 3, p. 149-154, 2008. -/- RIVERA, Hermelinda. Causas frecuentes de aborto bovino. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú, v. 12, n. 2, p. 117-122, 2001. -/- SARTORI, Roberto; GUARDIEIRO, Monique Mendes. Fatores nutricionais associados à reprodução da fêmea bovina. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 39, p. 422-432, 2010. -/- SHORT, Robert E.; ADAMS, D. C. Nutritional and hormonal interrelationships in beef cattle reproduction. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, v. 68, n. 1, p. 29-39, 1988. -/- TEIXEIRA, J. C.; TEIXEIRA, LFAC. Alimentação de bovinos leiteiros. FAEPE, Lavras, 1997. (shrink)

RELAÇÃO E EFEITOS BIOQUÍMICO-NUTRICIONAIS SOBRE A MORTALIDADE EMBRIONÁRIA EM VACAS -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Departamento de Agropecuária – IFPE Campus Belo Jardim [email protected] ou [email protected] WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399 -/- •__5. Mortalidade EMBRIONÁRIA -/- A mortalidade embrionária (ME) é uma desordem reprodutiva responsável por cerca de 15% das falhas da gestação. Em si, a ME pode ser dividida em dois grandes grupos, a ME precoce, ou seja, aquela que ocorre nos primeiros dias da gestação, por problemas específicos de reconhecimento materno-fetal, (...) que não geram alteração significativa do ciclo estral, já que, não se afeta o corpo lúteo (BONDURANT, 2004). A segunda forma da ME, denominada ME tardia, altera o ciclo estral e se apresenta por rejeição da implantação em suas primeiras fases, usualmente se apresenta entre 25 e 40 dias pós-serviço. De acordo com GEARY (2005) existem múltiplas causas associadas à ME, entre essas causas listam-se os problemas de rejeição imunológica, a ausência de fatores de reconhecimento materno-fetal, problemas infecciosos, estresse e deficiências nutricionais, sobre essa última pode-se citar: 5.1 Deficiência de betacarotenos Os betacarotenos são precursores da vitamina A (provitamina A). São pigmentos vegetais de cor amarela ou laranja que, uma vez ingeridos, se transformam no fígado e no intestino delgado em vitamina A. São antioxidantes que ajudam o organismo a eliminar os radicais livres tóxicos que causam a oxidação dos tecidos (reação química de peroxidação que produz lesão nos tecidos já que os peróxidos são compostos tóxicos e cancerígenos) em células, proteínas e no material genético como DNA. Os radicais livres são normalmente formados como subprodutos do metabolismo oxidativo energético do organismo. Os betacarotenos atuam atrapalhando estes radicais livres e moléculas de oxigênio livre, e daí parte seu efeito protetor o qual centra-se na defesa da parede epitelial, pois sendo precursores da vitamina A, induzindo a sua síntese protegem a parede epitelial do enfraquecimento das suas membranas, evitando assim a entrada fácil de microrganismos patogênicos que possam, especificamente no caso de uma fêmea gestante, produzir infecções que ataquem o embrião provocando a sua morte, uma vez que aumenta-se a resistência imunológica. Além disso, intervêm também na diferenciação das células estaminais do embrião, evitando que ocorram malformações que possam originar mortalidade embrionária, e também evitando a assimetria do organismo que se está formando. A vitamina A, ajuda na conservação dos epitélios para um funcionamento normal. Uma deficiência desta, produz uma alteração dos epitélios que revestem o aparelho genital, podendo ocasionar diminuição da barreira protetora que formam as membranas, os microrganismos patogênicos podem entrar facilmente, desencadeando a morte do embrião. A vitamina A, atua no momento em que as células tronco do embrião entram em uma área deste, chamada "Nódulo de Hensen", começam a formar três camadas embrionárias de células que dão passagem ao sistema nervoso, digestivo, circulatório e outros sistemas do corpo. Células específicas localizadas nesta zona do embrião utilizam seus cílios (que segregam vitamina A) para criar correntes no fluido que as rodeia e dirigir as células estaminais para o seu destino final. Estas células-tronco, antes de chegar ao nódulo do embrião "não estão orientadas espacialmente e tampouco estão diferenciadas em tecidos concretos" embora depois de cruzar esta porta, recebem ordens genéticas necessárias para se colocarem no interior do organismo em desenvolvimento e conhecerem qual vai ser a sua diferenciação específica. Então a ação desta vitamina faz com que algumas destas células ignorem as instruções de diferenciação esquerda e direita, prosseguindo simetricamente. Segundo isto, em uma deficiência de vitamina A, o aspecto exterior do corpo também acabaria por ser assimétrico perdendo potencial de aceitação na implantação, levando os mecanismos naturais de vigilância de estabilidade celular a sua destruição e, portanto, gerando a ME (TORRES et al., 2002). Os níveis de vitamina A, bem como de outras vitaminas, na alimentação de bovinos de corte ou leite já foram discutidos. Cada animal tem sua particularidade de ingestão diária de vitaminas conforme a idade, sexo, categoria, etc. e que esses requerimentos são, muitas vezes, variáveis conforme a disponibilidade, isto é, pode-se fazer a injeção direta de fármacos em líquido ricos em vitaminas no animal, ou pode-se optar pelo fornecimento nos alimentos concentrados (ração) ou pelos volumosos (gramíneas, forrageiras e leguminosas). Deve-se estar atento para que os níveis não ultrapassem o necessário para que nenhum elemento sobressaia outro e venha a ocasionar afecções além de reprodutivas. 5.2 Relação com a Proteína O excesso de proteína crua na dieta tem sido associada com mortalidade embrionária. Há uma hipótese que sugere que a concentração de LH, e portanto de progesterona, poderiam ser afetadas por elevados níveis de proteína na ração, talvez não de forma direta, porém pela deficiência de energia que os excessos proteicos geram. Existe uma relação estreita entre o excesso de proteína crua e a concentração de progesterona, esta relação é através de uma "exacerbação" do balanço energético negativo em vacas no início da lactação, pela despesa de precursores da glicose e o consumo energético extra que supõe transformar o amônio em ureia (este fato só se relaciona com a proteína degradável no rúmen). Isso ocasionaria um aumento negativo do balanço energético negativo e queda de glicemia, o que seria captado pela hipófise como um sinal negativo para a liberação de LH. Um excesso de proteína tal que reduza os níveis de progesterona e de bTP-1 (proteína trofoblástica), hoje identificada como o Interferão tau (IFN-t), pertencente a uma subclasse dos interferões Ômega, e definidos como fatores de reconhecimento materno-fetal em bovinos, pode causar mortalidade embrionária por volta do 17° dia após a inseminação devido à perda do efeito de ambos os compostos contra a resposta imunitária da mãe (MOREIRA & MORALES, 2001). Os níveis excessivos de proteína na dieta que conduzem a níveis elevados de ureia no sangue reduzem o pH uterino, estimulando assim a produção da prostaglandina F2 alfa (PGF2-α) que, por sua vez, estimula a contratilidade uterina e reduz a viabilidade de implantação do embrião (GALVIS, 2003). Foi também observado que concentrações elevadas de ureia no sangue reduzem a formação de progesterona, alterando a atividade reprodutiva em ambos os casos. A progesterona é uma hormona lipídica que é produzida pelo corpo lúteo sob o estímulo do (IGF-I) e, como foi indicado anteriormente, este fator de crescimento foi igualmente reduzido, uma vez que o potencial genético para a produção de leite aumentou de tal maneira que a redução da concentração de IGF- I pode ser uma das causas da diminuição da concentração da progesterona, por exemplo. Agora, embora considere-se que a hormona do crescimento (HC) regula a síntese de IGF-I no fígado, esta hormona não é eficaz a menos que exista um nível limiar de insulina e esta última também é reduzida em vacas de alta produção no início da lactação (GALVIS, 2003) e em condições de balanço energético negativo, tal como ocorre no pós-parto precoce. As proteínas são essenciais na vida dos animais e do ser humano. Os animais possuem sua particularidade conforme a exigência requerida de proteína e já foi discutido que os melhores métodos para fornecimento racional dessa macromolécula é por meio dos alimentos concentrados ricos em soja que é considerado um alimento proteico por possuir um teor de 60% desta, ou por meio de alimentos volumosos no caso dos capins, silagens, etc. Como já discutido em outros trabalhos, existem tipos diferentes de proteínas com funções também distintas, citamos a proteína bruta (PB) e a proteína metabolizável (PM), ao qual os animais requerem em porcentagens que devem estar presentes no alimento que o criador fornece e que o animal ingere. -/- Apoio -/- Realização -/- •_ _referências bibliográficas -/- BOLAND, M. P. Efectos nutricionales en la reproducción del ganado. XXXI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2003. BONDURANT, R. H. Controlling what we can control: Limiting embryonic fetal losses. In: Proc. of the American Assn. of Bovine Practitioners Conf. 2004. Vol. 37. p. 2004-2023. CORREA, H. J. El metabolismo del nitrógeno y su relación con las alteraciones reproductivas en vacas de alta producción. II Curso de Actualización en Reproducción Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Politécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, Medellín, v. 3, 2002. DEHNING, R. Interrelaciones entre nutrición y fertilidad. In: Curso Manejo de la Fertilidad Bovina18-23 May 1987Medellín (Colombia). CICADEP, Bogotá (Colombia) Universidad de La Salle, Medellín (Colombia) Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogotá (Colombia) Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica-GTZ (Alemania), 1987. DE LUCA, Leonardo J. Nutrición y fertilidad en el ganado lechero. XXXVI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2008. FRAZER, Grant S. Bovine theriogenology. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, v. 21, n. 2, p. xiii-xiv, 2005. GALVIS, Rubén D.; CORREA, Héctor J.; RAMÍREZ, Nicolás. Interacciones entre el balance nutricional, los indicadores del metabolismo energético y proteico y las concentraciones plasmáticas de Insulina, e IGF-1 en vacas en lactancia temprana. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, v. 16, n. 3, p. 237-248, 2003. GEARY, Tom. Management strategies to reduce embryonic loss. Range Beef Cow Symposium. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2005. GORDON, Ian. Controlled reproduction in farm animals series. Nova Iorque: CAB International, 1996. MOREIRA, Olga Lidia; MORALES, C. Efecto del interferón recombinante bovino omega i sobre el intervalo interestral, tiempo de vida del cuerpo luteo y la temperatura corporal en el bovino. Revista de Salud Animal, v. 23, n. 1, p. 56-62, 2001. TORRES, M. et al. Aspectos Farmacológicos relevantes de las Vitaminas Antioxidantes (E, A y C). Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica, v. 21, n. 1, p. 22-27, 2002. Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Belo Jardim, 29 de março de 2020. (shrink)

RELAÇÃO E EFEITOS BIOQUÍMICO-NUTRICIONAIS SOBRE A INVOLUÇÃO UTERINA RETARDADA EM VACAS -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Departamento de Agropecuária – IFPE Campus Belo Jardim [email protected] ou [email protected] WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399 -/- 2. INVOLUÇÃO UTERINA RETARDADA -/- A involução uterina retardada é uma desordem reprodutiva parcialmente ocasionada por problemas nutricionais. Terminados os mecanismos do parto, os órgãos genitais da fêmea sofrerá alterações em seu tamanho, peso e forma, eles reduzem de tamanho até sua normalização, esse processo é conhecido como involução uterina (...) (LANDAETA-HERNÁNDEZ, et al. 2004); a sua duração pode variar entre quatro a oito semanas, embora idealmente deva ser atingida aos 30 dias, é mais rápida em vacas de primeiro parto, bem como em vacas que amamentam os seus bezerros e pode ser retardada em vacas que tiveram problemas nutricionais (mal alimentadas ou até desnutridas), partos gêmeos, distorcias e retenção placentária. A recuperação do útero pós-parto ou involução uterina depende de contrações miometriais, eliminação da possível infecção bacteriana e regeneração do endométrio. A regeneração como tal, é denominada involução microscópica e usualmente segue à involução macroscópica ou de redução de peso e tamanho. Esta última pode levar entre 2 a 4 semanas e a primeira, entre 4 a 6 semanas (FRAZER, 2005; GORDON, 1996). A eliminação dos loquios e a redução do tamanho uterino são causadas por contrações miometriais, devidas inicialmente à presença de estrogênio durante o parto e posteriormente à secreção sustentada de prostaglandinas após o parto, as quais aumentam o tônus uterino e assim promovem a involução. Quando, de forma anormal, o período de involução se prolonga além dos mecanismos fisiológicos normais, define-se a situação como retardo na involução uterina com riscos potenciais de redução da eficiência reprodutiva, pela maior probabilidade de desenvolvimento de metrite, alteração da ciclicidade pós-parto e posteriores falhas na implantação por falhas na recuperação endometrial. 2.1 Relação energia e proteína O excesso de energia antes do parto pode levar ao retardo na involução uterina por que, a acumulação em excesso de reservas, se faz na forma de tecido adiposo, o qual ao ser mobilizado, durante o periparto, em resposta à busca pelo animal de fontes de energia para a depleção do glicogênio hepático e para a redução do consumo de matéria seca, deve ativar mecanismos gliconeogênicos (ZUÑIGA, 2006). Entre os substratos para a gliconeogênese incluem-se, em primeiro lugar, o tecido adiposo. Um rápido sinal endócrino para sua mobilização provém do cortisol (em excesso durante o parto), mas na presença de grande quantidade de tecido adiposo se apresentará dois efeitos imediatos; o primeiro uma cetose aguda e o segundo a infiltração da gordura do fígado, também chamado fígado graxo. Estas duas situações alteram a homeostase, em especial do tecido uterino (que sob pouca oferta de glicose, já que a mesma está sendo utilizada por outros tecidos que na compartimentalização enérgica prevalecem sobre o tecido reprodutivo), não é abundante, assim, o miométrio não deve ter energia para manter a contractilidade induzida pelas prostaglandinas. Adicionalmente as prostaglandinas são estruturalmente um ácido graxo insaturado composto por 20 átomos de carbono (ácido araquidônico) que necessita da enzima ciclo-oxigenase que dá origem à síntese de compostos intermediários instáveis chamados endoperóxidos cíclicos (PGG e PGH) (BARRERA, 2003), indispensáveis para a formação da prostaglandina e que não podem ser sintetizados por estar alterado o mecanismo lipogênico. Da mesma forma, o fator contrário em relação ao balanço energético preparado, isto é, em casos de deficiência de energia no preparo, leva a involução uterina retarda mediante um mecanismo que finalmente se assemelha ao apresentado em excesso de energia, mas através de um processo fisiológico em alguns pontos diferentes. Dependendo da gravidade do déficit energético, o catabolismo tecidular pode atingir magnitudes exageradas e, se a ele se somam os excessos de amônio formado pelo déficit de energia a nível ruminal, é provável que fenômenos fisiológicos se convertam em patológicos. A rápida perda de condição corporal, afeta o desempenho reprodutivo devido aos efeitos da excessiva taxa de mobilização dos tecidos sobre a saúde do útero e sua motilidade, já que não se encontrará possibilidade de síntese de prostaglandinas por déficit nos precursores lípidos e tampouco haverá glicose disponível como combustível energético, além disso, o atraso na involução uterina está intimamente relacionada com o balanço energético negativo (BEN) e os seus efeitos na concentração de metabolitos que influenciam o balanço hormonal, em especial sobre os estrógenos. Igualmente, no início da lactação o balanço energético negativo é o resultado de uma alta relação entre a hormona do crescimento e a insulina no sangue, que promove a mobilização de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa do tecido adiposo (ZUÑIGA, 2006). O BEN provoca alterações nas concentrações de metabolitos e hormonas como a glicose, a insulina, a hormona do crescimento (GH) (GALVIS, et al. 2003) e o fator insulínico de crescimento tipo 1 (IGF-1)que estão envolvidos no metabolismo energético intermediário e informam do estado nutricional do hipotálamo afetando a secreção de GnRH atrasando, dessa maneira, o tempo de involução uterina. Ações bloqueadoras mediadas por opioides endógenos que freiam a liberação de FSH e dela derivada, ocorre uma menor síntese de estrogênios que ativam receptores específicos no endométrio e não promovem contractilidade endometrial. Para suprir as necessidades das fêmeas quanto a proteínas e energias, os farelos de milho, soja, arroz, algodão, girassol, amendoim, etc., suprem muito bem as quantidades necessárias. Para tanto, faz-se necessário o cálculo correto das quantidades a serem disponibilizadas na ração, bem como ao cálculo da quantidade fornecida no cocho para o animal, uma vez que a ingestão superior de determinados elementos como o molibdênio, a exemplo, podem causar diversos transtornos para além dos reprodutivos. As forrageiras podem suprir as fontes de energia e proteínas das fêmeas, como as leguminosas por exemplo, em especial a leucena, que serve como alternativa alimentar para a alimentação dos animais, porém mesmo com o fornecimento à vontade das forrageiras como os capins, é necessária uma complementação e a ração concentrada é o melhor remédio para tal. 2.2 Minerais Sabe-se que as deficiências de alguns minerais, incluindo o cálcio, fósforo, cobalto, cobre, iodo, manganês e selênio e os excessos de molibdênio afetam diretamente o sistema reprodutivo (MONCADA, 2001). Suas deficiências correm paralelas com alterações do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-ovário. Sendo o cálcio um elemento indispensável na contractilidade do útero, seu déficit na dieta poderia ser responsável por uma involução uterina inadequada (RÚGELES, 2001). O cobalto é necessário no rúmen para a formação da vitamina B12. Quando ocorre uma deficiência de cobalto observa-se, primeiro, uma diminuição no consumo de alimentos e, com isso, uma baixa síntese de glicose, um consumo anormal de minerais (pica ou depravação do gosto) e uma queda na produção. Como consequência, pode-se afetar indiretamente, tanto a quantidade de nutrientes consumidos como seu aproveitamento refletindo-se finalmente sobre a fertilidade em forma negativa (DEHNING, 1988). As exigências nutricionais de cobalto em bovinos de corte ou leite, são escassas a nível de pesquisas, porém pode-se obter através da ingestão de matéria seca (MS) sobre um coeficiente fixo que é 0,1, esse número é o pico do fornecimento de cobalto, uma vez ultrapassado a quantidade de 0,1 mg/kg os animais serão acometidos por altos índices de toxidade, por isso o criador deve estar atento ao fornecimento desse microelemento aos animais. Porém, segundo estudos, o intervalo sugerido em quantidades desse elemento é de 0,07 e 0,11 mg/kg. Alguns cereais podem disponibilizar o cobalto em concentrações ideais, porém é melhor a prevenção, sendo assim, a deficiência de cobalto pode ser prevenida ou tratada mediante a adição de sais de cobalto às misturas minerais ingredientes da ração fornecida aos animais, ou pode-se optar pela injeção da vitamina B12 diretamente no animal. Da mesma forma que a deficiência de cálcio e fósforo, na deficiência de cobre, é observado um aumento da involução uterina retardada, calores silenciosos e ciclos estrais irregulares, uma vez que as funções deste mineral estão associadas às enzimas relacionadas com o citocromo C oxidase, transporte de albumina e ceruloplasmina, esta última de vital importância como principal oxidadora de ferro e ativadora nos processos de regulação dos mecanismos antioxidantes a nível celular. Não deve-se esquecer a estreita relação entre cobre e molibdênio. Excessos de molibdênio inibem a absorção de cobre. Em animais criados à pasto, deve-se estar atento a áreas onde as concentrações de molibdênio são mais presentes, se houver grande quantidade desse elemento nas forrageiras que o animal consumir, a melhor maneira de suplementação do cobre nesses animais é a injeção periódica de compostos a base de cobre, que evitarão a complexação do trato gastrointestinal. Os bovinos requerem 8,0 mg/kg (4 – 10 mg/kg) de cobre na dieta para corte e de 10,0 mg/kg (9 – 11 mg/kg) na dieta para bovinos leiteiros. Além da opção de ração que contenha esses níveis de cobre, o criador pode optar pelas forragens, que possuem quantidades variadas de cobre dependendo da disponibilidade do mesmo no solo, e que as leguminosas apresentam os melhores valores para que os animais possam consumir as quantidades essenciais para que não haja nem cobre demais nem cobre de menos no organismo, e que evite-se, com isso a involução uterina ou quaisquer outra doença reprodutiva ou não. A deficiência de iodo induzida pelo consumo de forragens com níveis inferiores a 2 mg/kg de Matéria Seca (MS) ou baixa suplementação mineral, induz a retenção de membranas fetais e involuções uterinas retardadas. A tiroxina (T4) e a triiodotironina (T3) estimulam a produção de ATP mitocondrial, o que, por sua vez, estimula a captação celular de oxigênio e aumenta o metabolismo energético. Em casos de deficiência de iodo, as tiroxinas não poderão ser sintetizadas (RÚGELES, 2001). -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS BARRERA, R. Las prostaglandinas: Estrategia Farmacológica. Portal Veterinária. Disponível em:-. Acesso em: março de 2020. BERCHIELLI, Telma Teresinha; PIRES, Alexandre Vaz; OLIVEIRA, SG de. Nutrição de ruminantes. Jaboticabal: funep, 2006. BOLAND, M. P. Efectos nutricionales en la reproducción del ganado. XXXI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2003. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Reprodução Animal: Fisiologia do Parto e da Lactação Animal. Disponível em:-. Acesso em: Março de 2020. DEHNING, R. Interrelaciones entre nutrición y fertilidad. In: Curso Manejo de la Fertilidad Bovina18-23 May 1987Medellín (Colombia). CICADEP, Bogotá (Colombia) Universidad de La Salle, Medellín (Colombia) Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogotá (Colombia) Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica-GTZ (Alemania), 1987. DE LUCA, Leonardo J. Nutrición y fertilidad en el ganado lechero. XXXVI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2008. FRAZER, Grant S. Bovine theriogenology. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, v. 21, n. 2, p. xiii-xiv, 2005. GALVIS GÓEZ, Rubén Darío; CORREA CARDONA, Héctor J. Interacciones entre el metabolismo y la reproducción en la vaca lechera: es la actividad gluconeogénica el eslabón perdido?. Rev. Col. Cienc. Pec. Vol. 15:Pág.1-15. 2002. GORDON, Ian. Controlled reproduction in farm animals series. Nova Iorque: CAB International, 1996. LANDAETA-HERNÁNDEZ, A. J. et al. Effect of biostimulation on uterine involution, early ovarian activity and first postpartum estrous cycle in beef cows. Theriogenology, v. 61, n. 7-8, p. 1521-1532, 2004. MONCADA, A. H. Implicaciones metabólicas en el aborto bovino. Seminario de Nutrición, Reproducción y Clínica de Bovinos. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin. 2001. MORAES, S. da S. Principais deficiências minerais em bovinos de corte. Campo Grande, MS: Embrapa Gado de Corte, 2001., 2001. RÚGELES, Clara. Interrelaciones entre nutrición y fertilidad en bovinos. Revista MVZ Córdoba, p. 24-30, 2001. ZUÑIGA, F. D. Prevención de desordenes metabólicos en la etapa pre y pos parto en bovinos de leche. Engormix. Disponível em:-. Acesso em: março de 2020. (shrink)

In the United States today, much interpersonal racism is driven by corrupt forms of self-preservation. Drawing from Jean- Jacques Rousseau, I refer to this as self-love racism. The byproduct of socially-induced racial anxieties and perceived threats to one’s physical or social wellbeing, self-love racism is the protective attachment to the racialized dimensions of one’s social status, wealth, privilege, and/or identity. Examples include police officer related shootings of unarmed Black Americans, anti-immigrant sentiment, and the resurgence of unabashed white supremacy. This form (...) of racism is defined less by the introduction of racism into the world and more on the perpetuation of racially unjust socioeconomic and political structures. My theory, therefore, works at the intersection of the interpersonal and structural by offering an account of moral complacency in racist social structures. My goal is to reorient the directionality of philosophical work on racism by questioning the sense of innocence at the core of white ways-of-being. (shrink)

The compelling, widely-accepted Satisfaction-is-Truth Principle says that if S wants p, then S has a desire that's satisfied in exactly the worlds where p is true. We reject the Principle; an agent may want p without having a desire that's satisfied when p obtains in any old way. Other theorists who reject the Principle rely on contested intuitions about when agents get what they want. We instead appeal to—and shed new light on—the dispositional role of desire.

Could 2024 be the year heralding what one could term the deepfake universe apocalypse scenario or could it be the year that a future history of science may e.g. interpret as the year of the first literally universe-sized algorithmic hype bubble? This commentary introduces the metaphor of "GPT-Universe" and the assumptions hidden beneath it.

This commentary analyzes different past approaches to scientific evaluation frameworks given algorithmic superintelligence claims and discusses guidelines for more rigorous solutions avoiding overhasty and damaging epistemic self-sabotage tendencies. Effects of spreading the misconceived idea of the epistemic perpetuum mobile are elucidated.

Recent AI progress led to a boost in beneficial applications from multiple research areas including VR. Simultaneously, in this newly unfolding deepfake era, ethically and security-relevant disagreements arose in the scientific community regarding the epistemic capabilities of present-day AI. However, given what is at stake, one can postulate that for a responsible approach, prior to engaging in a rigorous epistemic assessment of AI, humans may profit from a self-questioning strategy, an examination and calibration of the experience of their own epistemic (...) agency – especially to counteract both intentional misdirection by unethical actors and unintentional epistemic self-sabotage. In this paper, we expound on a new avenue of utilizing AIVR tools to advance an AI-related misdirection awareness of humans in the deepfake era. Firstly, we harness scientific knowledge from the psychology and neuroscience of magic where the study of misdirection techniques is center stage. Secondly, we connect the latter to creativity research linking human creative potential to inspiration from the seemingly impossible. Overall, AIVR could become an empowering experiential testbed for human epistemic agency enabling a better rational evaluation of AI capabilities. However, a misuse of the same type of tools could yield AIVR safety risks if not counteracted preemptively. (shrink)

Both Philip and Andrew are philosophy students whose interests converge around the philosophy of technology broadly understood. Philip's interest is specifically aimed toward the ethics of Transhumanism and depictions of Transhumanism in works of fiction. On the other hand, Andrew finds himself more focused on religious behavior in the technological world. While the two perspectives might not seem that close, there is certain to be an overlap in Andrew and Philip's shared understanding of how technological phenomena play a crucial role (...) concerning religion and society. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Offsetting is a very ineffective way to do good. Offsetting your lifetime emissions may increase aggregated life expectancy by at most seven years, while giving the amount it costs to offset your lifetime emissions to a malaria charity saves in expectation the life of at least one child. Is there any moral reason to offset rather than giving to some charity that does good so much more effectively? There might be such a reason if your offsetting compensated or somehow (...) benefitted the victims of your emission, since that could mean that you would satisfy the duty not to harm others by emitting and offsetting. But that is typically not true. If your emission harms some person and your offsetting benefits some person, then these are most likely different people. Hence, I conclude, we have a stronger reason to give to effective charities than we have to offset our emissions. (shrink)

The ongoing explosion of interest in artificial intelligence is fueled in part by recently developed techniques in machine learning. Those techniques allow automated systems to process huge amounts of data, utilizing mathematical methods that depart from traditional statistical approaches, and resulting in impressive advancements in our ability to make predictions and uncover correlations across a host of interesting domains. But as is now widely discussed, the way that those systems arrive at their outputs is often opaque, even to the experts (...) who design and deploy them. Is it morally problematic to make use of opaque automated methods when making high-stakes decisions, like whether to issue a loan to an applicant, or whether to approve a parole request? Many scholars answer in the affirmative. However, there is no widely accepted explanation for why transparent systems are morally preferable to opaque systems. We argue that the use of automated decision-making systems sometimes violates duties of consideration that are owed by decision-makers to decision-subjects, duties that are both epistemic and practical in character. Violations of that kind generate a weighty consideration against the use of opaque decision systems. In the course of defending our approach, we show that it is able to address three major challenges sometimes leveled against attempts to defend the moral import of transparency in automated decision-making. (shrink)

Theoretical frameworks concerning cell fate typically center on proximate causes to explain how cells know what type they are meant to become. While major advances in cell fate theory have been achieved by these mechanism-focused frameworks, there are some aspects of cell decision-making that require an evolutionary interpretation. While mechanistic biologists sometimes turn to evolutionary theory to gain insights about cell fate (cancer is a good example), it is not entirely clear in cell fate theory what insights evolutionary theory can (...) add, and why in some cases it is required for understanding cell fate. In this perspective we draw on our work on cellular mortality to illustrate how evolutionary theory provides an explanation for death being selected as one of the potential cell fates. Using our hypothesis for why some microbes in a community choose death as their fate, we suggest that some insights in cell fate theory are inaccessible to a theoretical framework that focuses solely on proximate causes. (shrink)

To deserve credit for doing what is morally right, we must act from the right kinds of motives. Acting from the right kinds of motives involves responding both to the morally relevant reasons, by acting on these considerations, and to the morally relevant individuals, by being guided by appropriate attitudes of regard for them. Recent theories of the right kinds of motives have tended to prioritize responding to moral reasons. I develop a theory that instead prioritizes responding to individuals (through (...) appropriate attitudes of regard for them) and argue that it better accounts for the basic features of the right kinds of motives – what we most fundamentally care about in judging whether persons deserve moral credit. (shrink)

Jordan agreed to extensive liberalization undertakings under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (“GATS”) that would open some sectors that were previously closed or restricted to foreign suppliers and investors. It undertook horizontal commitments in cross-border movement of individuals and commercial presence covering all types of services.

This short article lays the foundation for a theory of migratorial disobedience and explains how pro-border advocates fetishize immigration law.

Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936) is widely regarded as the father of modern comparative psychology. Yet, Morgan initially had significant doubts about whether a genuine science of comparative psychology was even possible, only later becoming more optimistic about our ability to make reliable inferences about the mental capacities of non-human animals. There has been a fair amount of disagreement amongst scholars of Morgan’s work about the nature, timing, and causes of this shift in Morgan’s thinking. We argue that Morgan underwent two (...) quite different shifts of attitude towards the proper practice of comparative psychology. The first was a qualified acceptance of the Romanesian approach to comparative psychology that he had initially criticized. The second was a shift away from Romanes’ reliance on systematizing anecdotal evidence of animal intelligence towards an experimental approach, focused on studying the development of behaviour. We emphasize the role of Morgan’s evolving epistemological views in bringing about the first shift – in particular, his philosophy of science. We emphasize the role of an intriguing but overlooked figure in the history of comparative psychology in explaining the second shift, T. Mann Jones, whose correspondence with Morgan provided an important catalyst for Morgan’s experimental turn, particularly the special focus on development. We also shed light on the intended function of Morgan’s Canon, the methodological principle for which Morgan is now mostly known. The Canon can only be properly understood by seeing it in the context of Morgan’s own unique experimental vision for comparative psychology. (shrink)

This essay explores the intersection of racism, racial embodiment theory and the recent hostility aimed at immigrants and foreigners in the United States, especially the targeting of people of Latin American descent and Latino/as. Anti-immigrant and anti-foreigner sentiment is racist. It is the embodiment of racial privilege for those who wield it and the materiality of racial difference for those it is used against. This manifestation of racial privilege and difference rests upon a redrawing of the color line that is (...) meant towards preserving exclusive categories of political membership. The charge of racism, however, is elided by the fact that this hostility takes the form of a specious embracement of law and lawfulness. “Illegal” in this sense not only captures the actions of those who enter the United States through clandestine or informal means, but, in light of the history of immigration and citizen- ship law, the term operates as a racial trope that designates non-white status, thus marginalizing and alienating certain immigrants from ongoing nation-formation processes. I explain the source for anti-immigrant hostility in the United States, which I take to be connected to the longevity of white normativity as the basis for American identity. I then critically assess how the idea of national belonging is crucial to the perpetuation of white-ways-of-being, especially when citizenship has historically been a venue for the embodiment of racial and even colonial privilege. I conclude by posing several questions about the nature of racial identities and racism that suggest new avenues for further research on racial embodiment in a “postracial” era. pp. 65–90. (shrink)

Homology is a biological sameness relation that is purported to hold in the face of changes in form, composition, and function. In spite of the centrality and importance of homology, there is no consensus on how we should understand this concept. The two leading views of homology, the genealogical and developmental accounts, have significant shortcomings. We propose a new account, the hierarchical-dependency account of homology, which avoids these shortcomings. Furthermore, our account provides for continuity between special, general, and serial homology.

The developmental properties of organisms play important roles in the generation of variation necessary for evolutionary change. But how can individual development steer the course of evolution? To answer this question, we introduce developmental channeling as a disposition of individual organisms that shapes their possible developmental trajectories and evolutionary dappling as an evolutionary outcome in which the space of possible organismic forms is dappled—it is only partially filled. We then trace out the implications of the channeling-dappling framework for contemporary debates (...) in the philosophy of evolution, including evolvability, reciprocal causation, and the extended evolutionary synthesis. (shrink)

This work explores the increasing militarization of borders throughout the world, particularly the United States border with Mexico. Rather than further rhetoric of "border security," this work views increases in guards, technology and the building of walls as militarized action. The goal of this essay is to place the onus upon states to justify their actions at borders in ways that do not appeal to tropes of terrorism. This work then explores how a logic of security infiltrates philosophical discussions of (...) "the right to exclude," thereby curtailing the ability to see borders in any other way than as a locale that must be militarized. Specifically, I analyze the work of Michael Blake and his juridical theory of immigration restrictions. I argue that his work necessitates the walling of borders and removal of those who create new obligations for current members of existing political institutions. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to explain why creativity is an artistic merit. Artworks and non-artworks can both be creative. But creativity does not help make many other creative things good of their kind. A creative explanation is not a better explanation in virtue of being creative. Why, then, is a creative artwork a better artwork in virtue of being creative? Understanding this will give us a better understanding of the nature of artistic merit. The approach adopted in this (...) paper is as follows. First, I say what creativity is and what an artistic merit is. Second, I identify reasons to doubt that creativity is an artistic merit. A good explanation of the merit of creativity should address these doubts. Third, I develop a theory of artistic merit that appeals to the final value of acting excellently – for example, virtuously or skilfully. Finally, I argue that this enables us to explain why creativity is an artistic merit. This account also enables us to argue that artistic merits give some things final value, and not merely instrumental value. It also provides reason to believe that ethical qualities of artworks enhance their artistic merit for the same reason creativity does. (shrink)

I defend a weak version of the Pigou-Dalton principle for chances. The principle says that it is better to increase the survival chance of a person who is more likely to die rather than a person who is less likely to die, assuming that the two people do not differ in any other morally relevant respect. The principle justifies plausible moral judgements that standard ex post views, such as prioritarianism and rank-dependent egalitarianism, cannot accommodate. However, the principle can be justified (...) by the same reasoning that has recently been used to defend the core axiom of ex post prioritarianism and egalitarianism, namely, Pigou-Dalton for well-being. The arguably biggest challenge for proponents of Pigou-Dalton for chances is that it violates State Dominance for social prospects. However, I argue that we have independent reason for rejecting State Dominance for social prospects, since it prevents a social planner from properly respecting people's preferences. (shrink)

There is a puzzle about the very possibility of foreseen but unintended side effects, and solving this puzzle requires us to revise our basic picture of the structure of practical deliberation. The puzzle is that, while it seems that we can rationally foresee, but not intend, bringing about foreseen side effects, it also seems that we rationally must decide to bring about foreseen side effects and that we intend to do whatever we decide to do. I propose solving this puzzle (...) by rejecting the idea that we intend to do whatever we decide to do. My solution involves taking account of the underappreciated role that qualified intentions play in deliberation. I also argue that this solution fares better than those that instead reject the idea that we rationally must decide to bring about foreseen side effects, for these solutions are committed to rejecting the even more compelling idea that decisions rationally serve as the conclusions of practical deliberation. (shrink)